4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (440) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (279)
- Deutsch (155)
- Spanisch (4)
- Französisch (2)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (440)
Schlagworte
- Biocides (20)
- Antimicrobial resistance (19)
- Nano (18)
- Recycling (17)
- Ink (16)
- MIC (14)
- Biofilms (12)
- Phosphor (12)
- XRF (12)
- Klärschlamm (11)
- PFAS (11)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (11)
- Nanomaterial (10)
- OECD (10)
- Antimicrobial coating (9)
- Bacteria (9)
- Corrosion (9)
- Deponie (9)
- Evolution (9)
- Leaching (9)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (8)
- Risk assessment (8)
- VOC (8)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (7)
- Phosphorus recovery (7)
- Standardization (7)
- Archaeometry (6)
- Black fungi (6)
- CFK (6)
- E. coli (6)
- Emission (6)
- Manuscript (6)
- Manuscripts (6)
- Methanogens (6)
- Nanopartikel (6)
- Ringversuch (6)
- Rostasche (6)
- Sewage sludge (6)
- Soil (6)
- Termite (6)
- Aerosol (5)
- BBodSchV (5)
- BOFS (5)
- Bauprodukte (5)
- Disinfection (5)
- Genetics (5)
- Geokunststoffe (5)
- Gichtgasschlamm (5)
- Humboldt Codices (5)
- Hydraulic reactivity (5)
- Indoor air quality (5)
- Klärschlammverordnung (5)
- NAP-XPS (5)
- Papier (5)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (5)
- Tolerance (5)
- XANES spectroscopy (5)
- Alginate (4)
- BEMMA (4)
- Biocide (4)
- Biofilm (4)
- Bodenmaterial (4)
- Bundesoberbehörden (4)
- Carbon Fibers (4)
- Cascade impactor (4)
- Coptic (4)
- Dünger (4)
- EN 16516 (4)
- Ecotoxicity (4)
- Elektroofenstaub (4)
- Emission reference materials (4)
- Fungus (4)
- Inks (4)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (4)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (4)
- Melanin (4)
- Museum (4)
- PAK (4)
- Phosphorus (4)
- Pigments (4)
- Prüfrichtlinie (4)
- Pyrometallurgy (4)
- Raman spectroscopy (4)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (4)
- Reverse glass painting (4)
- TXRF (4)
- Transformation (4)
- Verwertung (4)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (4)
- ZfP (4)
- Zink (4)
- Analytik (3)
- Antibiotics (3)
- Antimikrobielle Resistenz (3)
- Antmikrobielle Oberflächen (3)
- Archaea (3)
- Baustoffrecycling (3)
- Beschleunigte Alterung (3)
- Biozide (3)
- CIC (3)
- Cabonfasern (3)
- Carbon steel (3)
- Carbonfaser (3)
- Combustion ion chromatography (3)
- Cultural heritage (3)
- DRIFTS (3)
- Düngemittel (3)
- EOF (3)
- Electric Arc Furnace (3)
- Environmental evaluation (3)
- Environmental simulation (3)
- Fertilizer (3)
- Formaldehyd (3)
- Geogitter (3)
- Glutaraldehyde (3)
- Gypsum (3)
- HP14 (3)
- Heterogeneity (3)
- Holzschutz (3)
- ISO 16000-6 (3)
- Immune gene family (3)
- Immunity (3)
- Ink analyses (3)
- Iron-gall ink (3)
- Klärschlammasche (3)
- Knufia petricola (3)
- Korrosion (3)
- Kulturgut (3)
- Light (3)
- Makronährstoffe (3)
- Mantelverordnung (3)
- Material science (3)
- Materials emissions test (3)
- Mechanochemical treatment (3)
- Methanogen (3)
- Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- Microbiology (3)
- Mikroplastik (3)
- Non destructive analytical techniques (3)
- Nährstoffe (3)
- PFC (3)
- Phenotypic diversity (3)
- Pigment (3)
- Portland Cement (3)
- Pyrometallurgie (3)
- Recycling materials (3)
- Remediation (3)
- Resistance (3)
- Robustness studies (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Standardisierung (3)
- Steelmaking (3)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (3)
- Test guideline (3)
- VVOCs (3)
- Virus (3)
- XANES (3)
- XRF analysis (3)
- Zement (3)
- 3D printing (2)
- AbfKlärV (2)
- Air quality monitoring (2)
- Analytical method (2)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (2)
- Arabic Recipes (2)
- Architecture (2)
- Archäometrie (2)
- Ashdec (2)
- Bauxite Residue (2)
- Behördenklausurtagung (2)
- Bio-weathering (2)
- Biocide tolerance (2)
- Black fungus (2)
- Böden (2)
- CDW processing (2)
- CSMC (2)
- Cairo Genizah (2)
- Chemical analysis (2)
- Chemical durability (2)
- Chinese paper (2)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (2)
- Construction products (2)
- Corrosion products (2)
- Cross-resistance (2)
- DGT (2)
- Deponien (2)
- Dichtungskontrollsysteme (2)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (2)
- Disinfectants (2)
- Element mass concentration (2)
- Elutionsverhalten (2)
- Emerging (2)
- Emission reference material (2)
- Environmental Simulation (2)
- Eusociality (2)
- Extremotolerance (2)
- FFF-3D-Printer (2)
- FTIR (2)
- Fungal biofilms (2)
- Fungi (2)
- Genomics (2)
- Geosynthetics (2)
- Geruch (2)
- Glass (2)
- Group defence (2)
- Größenbestimmung (2)
- HI-Tension (2)
- Horizontal gene transfer (2)
- Hydrogen (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- IPM (2)
- In-situ analysis (2)
- Ink composition (2)
- Inkwells (2)
- Interdisciplinary (2)
- Knufia (2)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (2)
- Kunststoffrasen (2)
- LA-ICP-MS (2)
- LD-Schlacke (2)
- Landwirtschaft (2)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (2)
- Lichtbogenofen (2)
- Low melting (2)
- Luft (2)
- Lysimeter (2)
- Manuscript studies (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Microbial (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microplastics (2)
- Middle Ages (2)
- Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion (2)
- Mikroorganismen (2)
- Modelling studies (2)
- Monoverbrennungsanlage (2)
- Museum Pests (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Nanofasern (2)
- Nanomaterialien (2)
- Nanomaterials (2)
- Normung (2)
- Olivine (2)
- Papyrus (2)
- Particles (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Partikel (2)
- Passive sampling (2)
- Pathogen (2)
- Persian manuscripts (2)
- Phopshorus recovery (2)
- Pollutants (2)
- Polymere (2)
- Recycling fertiliser (2)
- Recycling fertilisers (2)
- Red Mud (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (2)
- Rotschlamm (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (2)
- Scandium (2)
- Secondary Recources (2)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (2)
- Single cell analysis (2)
- Size (2)
- Solar panel (2)
- Spannungsrissbeständigkeit (2)
- Standardisation (2)
- Stress (2)
- Sustainability (2)
- TED-GC/MS (2)
- Tantal (2)
- Tantalum (2)
- Termite phylogeny (2)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- Ultrafine particles (2)
- Umweltsimulation (2)
- VIS (2)
- VOC-Emissionen (2)
- Volatile organic compounds (2)
- Wasserzeichen (2)
- Waste management (2)
- Weathering (2)
- XPS (2)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (2)
- Zitronensäure (2)
- fungus (2)
- melanin (2)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D inspection (1)
- AMR (1)
- AOF (1)
- ASAP-MS (1)
- ATR (1)
- Abdichtungssystem (1)
- Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Abwasserbehandlung (1)
- Academia (1)
- Additive Fertigung (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone receptor (1)
- Advanced Materials (1)
- Aerosol measurements (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- Agarose (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aging test (1)
- Air quality (1)
- Airborne Particles (1)
- Alite (1)
- Alite hydraulic reactivity (1)
- Alkali zinc borate glass (1)
- Alkalien (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Ambient aerosol (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambient air pollution (1)
- Ammoniak (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Analytical chemistry (1)
- Analytische Methode (1)
- Ancient INKS (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Antibakterielle Oberflächen (1)
- Antibiotic (1)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (1)
- Antimicrobials (1)
- Antimon (1)
- Apanteles carpatus (1)
- Arabic recipes (1)
- Archéométrie (1)
- Ascomycetes (1)
- Auslaugverfahren (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- Auswaschversuche (1)
- Authentifizierung (1)
- Autoclave tests (1)
- BEMMA Bewertung (1)
- BMU (1)
- BODIPY dye (1)
- Bacteria repellent surfaces (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Bacterial adhesion tests (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial infection (1)
- Bagasse (1)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (1)
- Bassanite (1)
- Bauhaus (1)
- Bauproduktenverordnung (1)
- Bee (1)
- Bees (1)
- Begasung (1)
- Bestandserhaltung (1)
- Beständigkeit (1)
- Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilm growth (1)
- Biofilme (1)
- Bioilm (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Biological Control (1)
- Biologische Bekämpfung (1)
- Biosphere (1)
- Biosphere-technosphere interaction (1)
- Biotische/abiotische Faktoren (1)
- Biozid (1)
- Black Ink (1)
- Blast furnace sludge (1)
- Blattodea (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Boden (1)
- Botrytis (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Bottom ash (1)
- Building products (1)
- CEN (1)
- CFRP (1)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (1)
- COST (1)
- COST Action (1)
- CRM (1)
- Calcium silicate (1)
- Calcium sulfate (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Carbide formation (1)
- Carbon feeding (1)
- Carbon ink (1)
- Carbon steel corrosion (1)
- Carbonbeton (1)
- Carbonfasern (1)
- Carotenoids (1)
- Cast iron (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chemical characterization (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chinese Paper (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Clinker substitute (1)
- Coastal protection (1)
- Cockroach (1)
- Codicology (1)
- Conditioning layer (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Construction and demolition waste (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Controllable gene expression (1)
- Controlled release fertilisers (1)
- Core/shell nanoparticle (1)
- Corrosion product (1)
- Corynetes caeruleus (1)
- Crispr/Cas9 (1)
- Cultural Entomology (1)
- Cultural Heritage (1)
- Culuative energy demand (1)
- DIN (1)
- DIN EN 16516 (1)
- DIN EN 350 (1)
- DIN EN 717-1 (1)
- DMAS (1)
- DSLT (1)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (1)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (1)
- Deponiebau (1)
- Deponietechnik (1)
- Desiccation (1)
- Design of experiments (1)
- Dichtungskontrollsystem (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive sampling (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Disease (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Display case (1)
- Drawing (1)
- Drawings (1)
- Dyes (1)
- E$volution (1)
- EN 717-1 (1)
- EOF/AOF (1)
- EU EMPIR (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ectoine (1)
- Edible insects (1)
- Effective uptake rate (1)
- Efflux (1)
- Electric arc furnace dust (1)
- Electron microscopy (1)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (1)
- Element analysis (1)
- Element mass concetration (1)
- Elutionsverfahren (1)
- Emerging Contaminants (1)
- Emission Test Chamber (1)
- Emission Testing (1)
- Emission chambers (1)
- Emission test chamber (1)
- Emission test chamber procedure (1)
- Emission testing (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Emissionskammer (1)
- Emissionsmessungen (1)
- Emissionsprüfkammer (1)
- Emisson testing (1)
- Enamel colors (1)
- Encre (1)
- Environmental friendly (1)
- Ergebnisunsicherheit (1)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (1)
- Europa (1)
- European research area (1)
- Exposure risk (1)
- Extraktionsversuche (1)
- Extreme environments (1)
- Extremophilic fungi (1)
- FEM model (1)
- FIB/SEM (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- FTIR-, XRF-, VIS- espectroscopia (1)
- Farbmittel (1)
- Fassadenfarbe (1)
- Fassadenfarben (1)
- Feeding behaviour (1)
- Fibre analysis (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Filterstaub (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Flow Model (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Flow-system (1)
- Fluor XANES (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorometric sensing (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Forschungsförderung (1)
- Forschungsstrategie (1)
- Freisetzung und Transfer von Schadstoffen (1)
- Fume (1)
- Fälschungserkennung (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gas sensing (1)
- Gas storage (1)
- Gene network (1)
- Genetic tools (1)
- Genizah du Caire (1)
- Genome editing (1)
- Geotextilien (1)
- Gesteinskorrosion (1)
- Gesteinskörnungen (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Gipsabfälle (1)
- Gipsrecycling (1)
- Glass scanning (1)
- Gleichwertigkeit Messverfahren (1)
- Gold (1)
- Green pesticide (1)
- Greenhouse gas balance (1)
- Ground water (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Größe (1)
- Gut microbiota (1)
- Gypsum fiberboards and synthetic gypsum (1)
- Gypsum recycling (1)
- Gütezeichen (1)
- H2-Abbau (1)
- HAXPES (1)
- HDPE geomembrane (1)
- HR-CS-GFMAS (1)
- HR-GF-MAS (1)
- Hausbock (1)
- Heavy metal removal (1)
- Herculaneum (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- Historic ink (1)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus (1)
- IAQ (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies (1)
- Illness-induced anorexia (1)
- In situ (1)
- Incineration bottom ash (1)
- Indoor Air Quality (1)
- Indoor Products (1)
- Indoor emission (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Industrielles Abwasser (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial attachment (1)
- Ink terminology (1)
- Innenraum (1)
- Integrated Museum Pest Management (IMPM) (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Ir DNA staining approach (1)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (1)
- Jewish cultures (1)
- Kleidermotte (1)
- Klimaneutralität (1)
- Kontamination (1)
- Kontamination von H2 (1)
- Kraftstoffabbau (1)
- Kraftstoffbehälter (1)
- Kumulierter Energieaufwand (1)
- Kunststoffschweißen (1)
- Lake Cadagno (1)
- Landfill liner (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Laser processing (1)
- Laser-Materialbearbeitung (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structueres (LIPPS) (1)
- Leak detection (1)
- Leather (1)
- Lebensmittelindustrie (1)
- Leichtbau (1)
- Light regulation (1)
- Light sensing (1)
- Light-induced stress (1)
- Lightning talk (1)
- Lightweighting (1)
- Low cost aerosol PM sensor (1)
- Luftschadstoffe (1)
- Lysimeter, Antimony (1)
- MIC Island (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- Manuscripta Americana, Techialoyan (1)
- Manuscrits (1)
- Manuskripte (1)
- Marble (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Mass spectroscopy (1)
- Material emissions testing (1)
- Material surface colonisation (1)
- Materials emissions testing (1)
- Materials flow (1)
- Melanins (1)
- Metal reducing bacteria (1)
- Metallic silver precipitates (1)
- Metallkorrosion (1)
- Metalls (1)
- Metals (1)
- Methanogenesis (1)
- Method development (1)
- Methoden (1)
- Microbial communities (1)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (1)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microorganism (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikrobiell (1)
- Mikrobielle Gemeinschaft (1)
- Mineral weathering (1)
- Mircobially influcenced corrosion (1)
- Model (1)
- Model organism (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Molecular (1)
- Monoverbrennung (1)
- Moyen-âge (1)
- Multigassensorik (1)
- Museumsvitrine (1)
- Museumsvitrinen (1)
- Mutagenesis (1)
- NDT (1)
- NFDI (1)
- NIR reflectography (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nano characterization (1)
- Nano particle (1)
- Nano@BAM (1)
- NanoSIMS (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Nassaufbereitung (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- Neutralammoniumcitrat (1)
- Neutralammoniumnitrat (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Non destructive (1)
- Non-destructiv testing (1)
- Non-destructive testing (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Novel sample preparation techniques (1)
- Nuclear waste disposal (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Oberflächenfunktionalisierung (1)
- Office machines (1)
- On-Line Analyse (1)
- Operating Procedure (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optische Tomografie (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- P-Recyclate (1)
- P-Rückgewinnung (1)
- P-Senken (1)
- P-recovery (1)
- PAH (1)
- PBFSM (1)
- PE-HD (1)
- PFAS analysis (1)
- PFAS analytics (1)
- PM (1)
- Paints (1)
- Paper (1)
- Paper tinting (1)
- Parchment (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle Size (1)
- Particle gas emission (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Partikeldurchmesser (1)
- Partikeln (1)
- Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) (1)
- Perfluorierte Verbindungen (1)
- Performance comparison (1)
- Persian manuscript (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Phase separation (1)
- Phosphorbestimmung (1)
- Photoperception (1)
- Phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Pilz (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plastic biofilm (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Plume (1)
- Polymer foils (1)
- Polypropylen (1)
- Polystyrol (1)
- Preferential binding (1)
- Process control (1)
- Process monitoring (1)
- Projekte (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prozessmonitoring (1)
- Prüfkammer (1)
- Prürfrichtlinie (1)
- Push-out Test (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Quality assurance/quality control (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- Qumranrollen (1)
- RAMAN (1)
- REACH (1)
- RFA (1)
- Radon (1)
- Raman (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Red chalk (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Reduction process (1)
- Reference data (1)
- Reference materials (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Reference procedures (1)
- Reflectography (1)
- Regelwerk (1)
- Regulations (1)
- Reifenabrieb (1)
- Release kinetics (1)
- Rembrandt (1)
- Resistance evolution (1)
- Ressourceneffizienz (1)
- Ressourcenschonung (1)
- Restoration and conservation (1)
- Ringversuch P-Gehalt in Klärschlamm (1)
- Risikobewertung (1)
- Rock-inhabiting black fungi (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (1)
- Rückgewinnung (1)
- SC-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- SEM-EDS (1)
- SERS (1)
- SMPS (1)
- SOP (1)
- SRB (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Schadstoffaustrag (1)
- Schadstofftransfer (1)
- Schimmel (1)
- Schlacke (1)
- Schutzschichten (1)
- Schädling (1)
- Secondary building materials (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Secondary resources (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sekundärgipse (1)
- Selective chlorination (1)
- Selektion (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sequenzielle Extraktion (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Sewage sludge incineration (1)
- Silver diffusion (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Single cell (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Smartphone (1)
- Social (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Soil P species (1)
- Soil-like material (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Solar parks (1)
- Spatter (1)
- Speziierungsanalyse (1)
- Spielzeug (1)
- Sportböden (1)
- Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis (1)
- Stahlwerksschlacke (1)
- Stained glass (1)
- Stainless steel (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Stalwerksschlacke (1)
- Standardarbeitsanweisungen (1)
- Steelmaking slag (1)
- Stoffstromanalyse (1)
- Stress tolerance (1)
- Structured light scanning (1)
- Subaerial biofilm (1)
- Sum parameter analysis (1)
- Summenparameter (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Surface functionalization (1)
- Synchotron (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Tanning (1)
- Tauchtest (1)
- Technologietransfer (1)
- Termites (1)
- Test Guideline (1)
- Test method (1)
- Test strip (1)
- Teststreifen (1)
- Testverfahren (1)
- Thermal Desorption (1)
- Thermal Extraction (1)
- Thermal desorption (1)
- Thermal imaging (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermische Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Thermochemisch (1)
- Thermochemische Prozesse (1)
- Thermografie (1)
- Thermographie (1)
- Thermoplastic filaments (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- Tineola bisselliella (1)
- Tinting (1)
- ToF SIMS (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Torah Scrolls (1)
- Trait-based ecology (1)
- Transposon (1)
- Tricalciumsilikat (1)
- UFP (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV protection (1)
- UV tolerance (1)
- UV-VIS Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Ultrakurzpuls-Laser (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Unterirdische Speicher (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Uptake rate (1)
- Utilization (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- Versuchskampagne (1)
- Virulence (1)
- Vitrinen (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- Vues des Cordillères (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Wasserbau (1)
- Wasserstofflagerung (1)
- Wasserstoffplasma (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Wiederholbarkeit (1)
- Wiederverwertung (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Workflows (1)
- Wärmedämmverbundsystem (1)
- X-Ray fluorescence (1)
- X-Ray fluorescence analyses (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray spectroscopic techniques (1)
- XRF-, FTIR-, VIS-espectroscopía (1)
- XRF-, VIS- FTIR-spectroscopy (1)
- XRF-, VIS- spectroscopy (1)
- Zeichenmaterialien (1)
- Zementersatz (1)
- Zementklinker (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zinnschlacken (1)
- black fungus (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- genetics (1)
- historic inks (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- light (1)
- multi scale testing (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant pathogen (1)
- signaling (1)
- thermochemische Behandlung (1)
- virulence (1)
- Äquivalenzdurchmesser (1)
- Ökobilanz (1)
- Ökotoxizität (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (440)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (93)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (91)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (81)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (77)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (66)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (46)
- 6 Materialchemie (30)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (27)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (16)
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of organofluorine surfactants used in the formulations of thousands of consumer goods. The continuous use of PFAS in household products and the discharge of PFAS from industrial plants into the sewer system have been resulted in contaminated effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which became an important pathway for PFAS into the environment. Because sewage sludge is often used as fertilizer its application on agricultural soils has been observed as significant input path for PFAS into our food chain. To produce high-quality phosphorus fertilizers for a circular economy from sewage sludge, PFAS and other pollutants (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) must be separated from sewage sludge. Normally, PFAS are analyzed using PFAS protocols typically with time-consuming extraction steps and LC-MS/MS target quantification. However, for screening of PFAS contaminations in wastewater-based fertilizers also the DGT technique can be used for the PFAS extraction. Afterwards, combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can be applied to analyze the “total” amount of PFAS on the DGT binding layer. The DGT method was less sensitive and only comparable to the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) method values of the fertilizers in samples with >150 µg/kg, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations. However, the DGT approach has the advantage that almost no sample preparation is necessary. Moreover, the PFAS adsorption on the DGT binding layer was investigated via surface sensitive spectroscopical methods, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.
Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) im Klärschlamm - Analytische Methoden und Grenzwerte
(2022)
Per- und Polyfluoralkylsubstanzen (PFAS) sind eine Gruppe von mehr als 4700 anionischen und kationischen anthrophonen Stoffen, die aufgrund ihrer inerten chemischen Stabilität und ihrer Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen den Abbau durch Hitze oder Säuren in einer Vielzahl von Produkten verwendet werden. Infolge der ständigen Verwendung, vor allem in Feuerlöschschäumen für die Luftfahrt, wurden in Tausenden von Industrie- und Militäranlagen kontaminierte Böden und Grundwasservorkommen gefunden. Aufgrund der ständigen Verwendung von fluorierten Konsumgütern haben sich jedoch auch Abwässer und Klärschlamm aus Kläranlagen als Quelle für die Kontamination der aquatischen Umwelt mit PFAS erwiesen. Infolge der strengeren Vorschriften und Beschränkungen, die in den letzten Jahren für die Verwendung langkettiger (≥C8) PFAS erlassen wurden, findet in der chemischen Industrie eine deutliche Verlagerung hin zur Herstellung kurz- (C4-C7) und ultrakurzkettiger (C1-C3) Alternativen statt. Mit der Novellierung der Klärschlammverordnung im Jahr 2017 hat der deutsche Gesetzgeber die Ausbringung von Klärschlamm auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen verboten, und bis 2029/2032 wird die Ausbringung von Klärschlamm in der Landwirtschaft vollständig verboten sein. Während die Belastung der Umwelt mit organischen Schadstoffen wie PFAS, Pestiziden und Arzneimitteln nicht mehr erwünscht ist, muss Phosphor (P) aus Klärschlamm weiterhin zur Herstellung hochwertiger P-Dünger für eine Kreislaufwirtschaft genutzt werden. Derzeit können pflanzenverfügbare P-Düngemittel aus Klärschlamm/Abwasser mit verschiedenen Behandlungsmethoden hergestellt werden, darunter Fällung, Auslaugung und thermische Behandlung. Der Verbleib von PFAS bei der Auslaugung, Ausfällung und Behandlung von Klärschlamm und Abwasser ist jedoch noch weitgehend unbekannt.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic organofluorine surfactants used in the formulations of thousands of products and consumer goods, including aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used to suppress aviation fires in training scenarios, non-stick cookware, fast-food wrappers, water-repellent fabrics, medical equipment. Because PFAS have been extensively used in a variety of AFFF products they can be found in soils from industrial and military installations. Current decontamination strategies of PFAS-burdened soils mainly consist of adsorption methods using adsorbents for fixation of PFAS in the ground. A second option is the utilization of a “pump and treat” process, cycling polluted soils through a washing plant leading to the concentration of the pollutants in the fine fraction. Only a subsequent, high-energy consuming pyrolysis process guarantees the total destruction of all fluorinated organic contaminants. Both approaches are cost-intensive and not intended for the direct decomposition of all PFAS contaminants. Hence, there is a great demand for innovative developments and chemical treatment technologies, dealing with new strategies of tackling the PFAS problem. Previously, mechanochemical treatment of polychlorinated organic compounds in soils showed an efficient dechlorination. Thus, we investigated mechanochemical treatment of PFAS contaminated soils with various additives in a ball mill and analyzed the PFAS defluorination with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively, as well es the fluoride mineralization by ion chromatography (IC) and fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.
Lightweighting as a cross-cutting technology contributes significantly to achieve the European Green Deal goals. Based on, but not limited to, advanced materials and production technologies, the demand for natural resources and CO2 emmissions are reduced by lightweighting during production, as well as use phase. Therefore, lightweighting is a crucial transformation technology assisting in decoupling economic growth from resource consumption. In this manner, lightweighting contributes significantly as a key technology of relevance for many industrial sectors such as energy, mobility, and infrastructure, towards resource efficiency, climate action and economic strength, as well as a resilient Europe. To strengthen international partnerships, addressing global issues of today at the edge of science with high performance lightweight material based on carbon fibers, an overview about the BAM expertise in carbon fiber reinforced materials is given.
Ammoniakemissionen in die Umwelt erfolgen insbesondere durch die Landwirtschaft (93,6 %), aber auch durch Verbrennungsprozesse in der die Abfallwirtschaft (2,3 %) und den Straßenverkehr (1,8 %). Dieser Stoff ist selbst in geringen Konzentrationen nicht nur eine Geruchsbelästigung, sondern auch eine Substanz mit ökologischer und klimatischer Relevanz.
Die Bestimmung von Ammoniak in relevanten Konzentrationen von kleiner 25 μg m-3 erfolgt im Allgemeinen über NH4+ als Analyten, spektralfotometrisch oder mit der Ionenchromatographie nach Überführung in die flüssige Phase. Wegen der niedrigen Konzentrationen an Ammoniak in der Außenluft wird meist eine gesammelte Probe verwendet oder die Bestimmung erfolgt nach einer aktiven, anreichernden Probenahme.
Die eigenen Arbeiten sollen dazu beitragen, die Ammoniak-Bestimmung in der Außenluft präziser, sowie schneller und kostengünstiger zu machen.
Die BAM prüfte daher kommerzielle elektrochemische und Metalloxid-basierte Sensoren, die für diesen Konzentrationsbereich aber nur bedingt geeignet sind. Deshalb wurden alternativ eigene Entwicklungen zum Nachweis von Ammoniak im Spurenbereich aufgenommen, wobei der Analyt über die Änderung der Fluoreszenz eines BODIPY-Farbstoffs bei 550 nm mittels eines portablen Fluoreszenz-Sensors direkt aus der Gasphase gemessen wird.
Zur Kalibrierung von Ammoniak-Sensoren und -Messgeräten steht ein stationäres System basierend auf der Mischung von zertifizierten Prüfgasen aus Druckflaschen mit kalibrierten Massendurchfluss-regler (MFC) zur Verfügung. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine chemische Analyse der verwendeten Gasgemische mittels eines Massenspektrometers.
Für die Kalibrierung und Prüfung von Sensoren und Messgeräten vor Ort wurde ein mobiles Prüfsystem entwickelt. Die Generierung von Ammoniak-haltigen Gasen im Spurenbereich von 0,5 nmol/mol bis 500 nmol/mol erfolgt durch das Permeationsverfahren nach ISO 6145-10.
Für die Realisierung der Rückführbarkeit der Ammoniakbestimmung werden von den Nationalen Metrologischen Instituten sowie designierten Instituten Standards bereitgestellt und auch weiterentwickelt. Die primären metrologischen Standards beruhen auf SI-Einheiten und sind die Basis für eine Rückführbarkeit der Sensoren bzw. Analysengeräte.
Optimierung eines pyrometallurgischen Tantal- und Niob- Recyclingprozesses mithilfe von On-Line LIBS
(2018)
Die Entwicklung von Hochleistungselektronik zu immer kleineren Bauformen ohne Leistungseinbußen ist ohne den Einsatz von Technologiemetallen wie Niob und Tantal heute praktisch nicht mehr realisierbar. Besonders in technischen Geräten wie Smartphones und Tablets sind Tantal- und Niobkondensatoren aufgrund ihrer hohen Leistungsdichten bereits unverzichtbar geworden. Für die nachhaltige Produktion von Elektronik stellt jedoch vor allem das Tantalerz Coltan als sogenanntes „conflict mineral” ein großes Problem dar.
Um den Wirtschaftsstandort Europa unabhängiger von Primärrohstoffimporten aus Krisenregionen zu machen, ist die Entwicklung von effizienten Recyclingverfahren heute wichtiger denn je. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) findet daher zurzeit die Optimierung eines pyrometallurgischen Industrieprozesses zur Niob- und Tantalrückgewinnung statt, welchem hauptsächlich niedrigkonzentrierte metallurgische Rückstände aus der Tantal- und Niob- bzw. der Zinngewinnung als Einsatzstoffe dienen.
Zu diesem Zweck werden im kleintechnischen Lichtbogenofen der BAM (480 kVA, max. Materialdurchsatz ca. 150 kg/h) Versuche mit einem neuen innovativen Messgerät durchgeführt, welches eine On-Line Analyse von Hochtemperaturprozessen ermöglicht. Der eingesetzte Prototyp nutzt das Verfahren der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS), um die chemische Zusammensetzung der Schlackephase noch im Schmelzbad und während eines Schlackeabgusses zu bestimmen. Nach einer Kalibrierung auf das vorliegende Stoffsystem ermöglicht dieser On-Line-LIBS Prototyp der BAM daher eine in-situ Bestimmung der Elementverteilung in der Schmelze. Die hier gewonnenen Daten sollen helfen, die aktuelle Prozessführung zu verbessern und die Tantal- und Niobausbeute noch weiter zu erhöhen.
Tantalum and niobium are essential for the development of electronics towards a more and more compact design, but without reducing their performance today. Especially in smart phones and tablets, tantalum and niobium capacitors with high charge densities have already become almost indispensable. However, tantalum as a critical raw material is still a problem for the sustainable production of electronics. Due to this fact, the existence of efficient recycling processes especially in Europe is becoming even more important nowadays.
The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) is currently working on the optimisation of an existing pyrometallurgical tantalum recycling process. Optimisation of this industrial process is carried out in a small-scale electric arc furnace (480 kVA, capacity approx. 150 kg/h) at BAM using a new and innovative equipment for on-line analysis of high temperature processes.
The aim of this project is to identify the best timing for an optimum slag tapping, when the slag is lower than minimum targeted tantalum concentration. Hence, LIBS (Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) is used to identify the chemical composition of the slag layer and during slag tapping. The on-line-LIBS prototype of BAM enables an in-situ measurement of the element distribution in the melt after calibration on the slag system.
First results of this joint research project will be presented including on-line-LIBS-measurements and thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the process.
An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Series of melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study how the amount, the grain size and the way of feeding affect the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The cooled down slag and metal phase were analysed to investigate thermodynamic and kinetic conditions of the carbide formation. FACT Sage simulations were also used to investigate the material system in state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Results show that mass transfer and kinetics may play an important role if compared to equilibrium analyses using FACT Sage.
Since the recycling of tantalum bearing post-consumer waste is practically not existent, metallurgical residues are the most important feed for the tantalum recycling. Most tin ores naturally contain significant quantities of refractory metals. During the smelting process in primary tin production these elements are enriched in the slag phase. This slag is a highly valuable raw material for tantalum production due to its considerable concentration of tantalum and its functioning as an additional slag former in further pyrometallurgical treatment.
In this paper the first process stage of an existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, is discussed. Smelting trials were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to analyse the effect of feeding on the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. Therefore, blowing petroleum coke through an iron lance and the manual adding of coke into the melting bath were tested. During the pyrometallurgical treatment elements with a high affinity to carbon were reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The objective of the process was to reduce the oxidic tantalum completely and to enrich it into the metal phase. Furthermore, the transfer of unwanted elements such as titanium into the metal phase was aimed to be avoided.
Spoon test specimens were taken from the liquid mineral melt to follow the evolution of the reduction process. The cooled down solidified melting bath was investigated by using the XRD and EDX method to characterise the slag system and to identify relevant mineral phases.
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) on desktop 3D printers is a material extrusion-based technique often used by educational institutions, small enterprises and private households. Polymeric filaments are melted and extruded through a heated nozzle to form a 3D object in layers. The extrusion temperature is therefore a key parameter for a successful print job, but also one of the main driving factors for the emission of harmful air pollutants, namely ultrafine particles and volatile organic gases, which are formed by thermal stress on the polymeric feedstock. The awareness of potential health risks has increased the number of emission studies in the past years. However, the multiplicity of study designs makes an objective comparison of emission data challenging because printer hardware factors such as the actual extruder temperature (TE) and also feedstockspecific emissions are not considered. We assume that across the market of commercial low- and mid-price FFF printers substantial deviations between actual and set extruder temperatures exist, which have a strong effect on the emissions and hence may bias the findings of exposure studies. In our last publication, we presented a standardized feedstock-specific emission test method and showed that for each investigated feedstock an increase in actual extruder temperature was accompanied by an increase in particle emissions (Tang and Seeger, 2022). Therefore, any systematic discrepancy between set and actual extruder temperature matters. In this study, we used a thermocouple and an infrared camera to measure the actual extruder temperatures at different heights. We found significant under- and overestimation of the actual extruder temperatures by the respective set temperatures in three commercial printers. This caused a broad variation of the measured total numbers of emitted particles (TP), even when the same feedstock was operated. For the determination of TP, we followed the DE-UZ 219 test guideline. In a second round we repeated the tests with all printers adjusted to exactly the same extruder temperatures, i.e., to TE=230°C for ABS and TE=210°C for PLA. All measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Particle emissions in the size range between 4 nm and 20 μm were detected. Printing on three different printer models without temperature adjustment resulted for each of the investigated feedstocks in a variation in TP of around two orders of magnitude. After temperature adjustment, this was substantially reduced to approx. one order of magnitude and hence minimizes the bias of printer hardware on the emissions. Our findings suggest that adjustment of the extruder temperature should be mandatory in emission testing standards. It also poses a more accurate benchmark and provides more reliable emission data for evaluation of indoor air quality or for health risk assessments. In addition, a proper temperature setting is in the interest of the user. Some commercial FFF printers may have a higher actual extruder temperature than displayed and unintended overheating may not only impair the print quality but may cause unnecessarily increased exposure to particle emissions.