4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (341) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (299)
- Deutsch (38)
- Chinesisch (2)
- Italienisch (1)
- Polnisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Leaching (14)
- Biocides (10)
- Phosphorus (10)
- Sewage sludge (9)
- Archaeometry (8)
- Bacteria (8)
- Bottom ash (8)
- Circular economy (7)
- Antimicrobial resistance (6)
- Biofilm (6)
- Construction products (6)
- Biofilms (5)
- Black fungi (5)
- DRIFTS (5)
- Ectoine (5)
- Evolution (5)
- Fertilizer (5)
- Fungi (5)
- Inks (5)
- Non-destructive testing (5)
- Phosphorus recovery (5)
- Thermal desorption (5)
- VOC (5)
- Degradation (4)
- Ecotoxicity (4)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (4)
- Gas chromatography (4)
- Incineration bottom ash (4)
- Ink (4)
- Klärschlamm (4)
- Mixed ink (4)
- Non-invasive analysis (4)
- PFAS (4)
- Papyrus (4)
- Polyethylene (4)
- Raman spectroscopy (4)
- Recycling (4)
- Reverse glass painting (4)
- Struvite (4)
- Termites (4)
- Wastewater (4)
- Wood protection (4)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (4)
- XANES spectroscopy (4)
- Bio-weathering (3)
- Biodeterioration (3)
- Corrosion (3)
- DHN melanin (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (3)
- Disinfection (3)
- Emission test chamber (3)
- Fertilzer (3)
- Geosynthetics (3)
- Geotextiles (3)
- Holzschutz (3)
- Indoor air quality (3)
- Ink analysis (3)
- Interlaboratory comparison (3)
- Knufia petricola (3)
- MIC (3)
- Manuscripts (3)
- NAP-XPS (3)
- Osmoadaptation (3)
- Pathogen (3)
- Phosphat (3)
- Phosphor (3)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (3)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (3)
- Rostasche (3)
- Scandium (3)
- Sewage sludge ash (3)
- Soil (3)
- Standardisation (3)
- TXRF (3)
- Termite (3)
- Thermal treatment (3)
- Ultrafine particles (3)
- VVOC (3)
- Volatile organic compounds (3)
- Wood Protection (3)
- Zinc (3)
- Aerosol (2)
- Air pollution (2)
- Air quality monitoring (2)
- Air sampling (2)
- Analytical methods (2)
- Antimicrobial (2)
- Atomic and Molecular Physics and Optics (2)
- BEMMA (2)
- Bacterial adhesion (2)
- Bauprodukte (2)
- Biocorrosion (2)
- Bioinformatics (2)
- Bioreceptivity (2)
- Brown-rot fungi (2)
- Building and Construction (2)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (2)
- Cannibalism (2)
- Carbon ink (2)
- Cascade impactor (2)
- Circular Economy (2)
- Colourants (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (2)
- Condensed Matter Physics (2)
- Coptic (2)
- Corrosion evolution (2)
- Cultural heritage (2)
- DNA (2)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (2)
- Density separation (2)
- Design of experiments (2)
- Disposal repository (2)
- ESEM (2)
- Electric arc furnace dust (2)
- Electron microscopy (2)
- Emission (2)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology (2)
- Entomopathogen (2)
- Environment (2)
- Ersatzbaustoff (2)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (2)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (2)
- Fluoride (2)
- Forsterite (2)
- Fuel Technology (2)
- Fungus (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Geruchsmessung (2)
- Gut microbiota (2)
- Halomonas elongata (2)
- Hazard properties (2)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (2)
- Horizontal gene transfer (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- ISO 16000-6 (2)
- Immunity (2)
- Insect biotechnology (2)
- Iron-gall ink (2)
- Isoptera (2)
- Keratin (2)
- Klärschlammverordnung (2)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (2)
- Kulturelle Entomologie (2)
- LC-MS/MS (2)
- Langzeitverhalten (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser processing (2)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Leaching tests (2)
- Lysimeter (2)
- MOF (2)
- Magnesium (2)
- Marine littering (2)
- Mechanochemistry (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Method development (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (2)
- Microbiota (2)
- Microcolonial fungi (2)
- Micropatterning (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- NanoSIMS (2)
- Nanoparticles (2)
- Non-destructiv testing (2)
- Nosema ceranae (2)
- Nuclear waste (2)
- Osmia bicornis (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particles (2)
- Passive sampling (2)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (2)
- Pigment (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Polyglycerol (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Raman (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Recycling fertilizer (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Secondary building materials (2)
- Social (2)
- Stress tolerance (2)
- Struvit (2)
- Subaerial biofilms (2)
- Substance release (2)
- Symbiosis (2)
- Tantal (2)
- Thermochemical treatment (2)
- Tineola bisselliella (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Transformation (2)
- Virology (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Waste treatment (2)
- Waste-to-energy (2)
- Weathering (2)
- Wild bees (2)
- X-ray diffraction (2)
- XANES (2)
- XPS (2)
- XRF (2)
- pH sensor (2)
- (Semi)arid to humid-temperate natural ecosys (1)
- 13CO2 pulse labeling (1)
- 13th century (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D printer (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- A key interface (1)
- A-DNA conformation (1)
- AEROMET II (1)
- AEROMET project (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Abfalltrennung (1)
- Abfallverbrennung (1)
- Abfälle (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Accelerated aging (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone receptor (1)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (1)
- Advanced groups of termites (1)
- Aerodynamic levitation (1)
- Aerosol gravimetry (1)
- Aerosol measurement instruments (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Affinity chromatography (1)
- Ag-LDI-MS (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Agricultural mycology (1)
- Agronomic performance (1)
- Agronomische Effizienz (1)
- Air analysis (1)
- Air pollution control (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Alkylating agents (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Amphiphilic polymer (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Anaerobic pathways (1)
- Analytical Chemistry (1)
- Analytical screening techniques (1)
- Ancient document production (1)
- Animal immune system (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Antagonism (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibacterial coatings (1)
- Antibacterial polymer (1)
- Antibacterial surfaces (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibiotics (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antifouling (1)
- Antimicrobial coating (1)
- Antimicrobial materials (1)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (1)
- Antimicrobial test (1)
- Antimicrobial testing (1)
- Antimicrobials (1)
- Antimony (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Antiseptic agents (1)
- Aquatic fungi (1)
- Aqueous synthesis (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Artificial ageing (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Ascosphaera apis (1)
- AshDec (1)
- Ashes (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Astrobiology (1)
- Aufbereitung (1)
- Auslaugtest (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- BAM Data Store (1)
- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- BESSY (1)
- BODIPY (1)
- BOFS (1)
- BTEX (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial cell cycle (1)
- Bacterial second messenger (1)
- Bagasse (1)
- Basidiomycetes (1)
- Basin (1)
- Bassanite (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bathyarchaeia (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Bauxite residue (1)
- Bawit (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Behavioural mechanisms (1)
- Beneficial microbes (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Bewertungsverfahren (1)
- Bio-P-Kläranlage (1)
- Bio-based insulation (1)
- Bioceramics (1)
- Biocide tolerance (1)
- Biodeterioration and biodegradation (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilm quantification (1)
- Biofouling (1)
- Biogenic weathering (1)
- Bioinformatics virology viruses software (1)
- Biokorrosion (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Biomimetic (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotests (1)
- Biotic environment (1)
- Biozide (1)
- Biphasic growth (1)
- Black microcolonial fungi (1)
- Black writing ink (1)
- Blast furnace sludge (1)
- Blast-furnace sludge (1)
- Blattodea (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenmaterialien (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Building Material (1)
- Building materials (1)
- Built environment (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- C-di-GMP (1)
- CCQM (1)
- CEC-L-103 (1)
- CEN (1)
- CHC (1)
- COST action CA15114 AMICI (1)
- CPC calibration (1)
- CaNaPO4 (1)
- Calcareous deposits (1)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Calcium carbonate (1)
- Calcium silicate (1)
- Calcium sulfate (1)
- Calibration transfer (1)
- Carbon steel (1)
- Carbon steel corrosion (1)
- Carolingian (1)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cell appendages (1)
- Cell studies (1)
- Cell-envelope (1)
- Cellulose ether (1)
- Cellulose synthase (1)
- Cerium oxide (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemical ecology (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemicals (1)
- Chemische Löslichkeit (1)
- Chemisches Recycling (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chlorine (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Clean steel (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Climate gradient (1)
- Cloning vectors (1)
- Close proximity to colonies (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cockroach (1)
- Cockroaches (1)
- Codex (1)
- Cognitive performance (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Colouring (1)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (1)
- Combustion and gasification (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Community-level interactions (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Compatible solute (1)
- Comsumer good samples (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concrete (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Conjugate (1)
- Conjugation (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Constantinomyces (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction product (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Contraction (1)
- Control (1)
- Copper (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Coptic manuscripts (1)
- Coptic papyri (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Corrosion environment (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Cross-feeding (1)
- Cross-resistance (1)
- Cross-sectioning (1)
- Cryo XPS (1)
- Cryptoendolithism (1)
- Crystalline phase identification (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- CuNPs (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- Cupriavidus campinensis (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- DIN (1)
- DIN EN 16516 (1)
- DNA polymerase (1)
- DSM 5009 (1)
- Decomposition point (1)
- Degradable polymer (1)
- Dendrimer (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Deponie (1)
- Deponierung (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Desert ecology (1)
- Developing building materials (1)
- Dielectric heating (1)
- Dietary adaptation (1)
- Differential expression (1)
- Diffractive gratings (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Direct laser writing (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Disinfection Fuel (1)
- Disposal (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Domestikation (1)
- Dothideomycetes (1)
- Draft Genome (1)
- Drawings (1)
- Driving rain (1)
- Dry treatment (1)
- Drywood termite (1)
- DsRNA (1)
- Dye (1)
- Dyes and pigments (1)
- Dynamic calibration gas mixtures (1)
- Dynamic surface leaching test (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- EN 717-3 (1)
- Earthen building materials (1)
- Ecotoxicity tests (1)
- Ecotoxicological tests (1)
- Ecotoxixity (1)
- Efficacy (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Electronic (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Electronic lab notebook (ELN) (1)
- Elektrolichtbogenofen (1)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (1)
- Element mass concentration (1)
- Elemental aerosol analysis (1)
- Elemental composition (1)
- Elimination (1)
- Eluates (1)
- Eluatwerte (1)
- Elutionsverfahren (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission test method (1)
- Emission testing (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissionsprüfung (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Entomopathogenic Fungus (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Environmental Chemistry (1)
- Environmental Engineering (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental assessment (1)
- Environmental conditions (1)
- Environmental evaluation (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Epidemal layer (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- Eurotiomycetes (1)
- Exergie (1)
- Exocrine gland (1)
- Expansion (1)
- Exposure (1)
- External (1)
- Extracellular enzymes (1)
- Extracellular pH (1)
- Extractable organic fluorine (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- F pili (1)
- FAT class concept (1)
- FFF-3D printer (1)
- FFF-3D printing (1)
- FFF-filament (1)
- FFF-printing (1)
- FT-Raman (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Family archives (1)
- Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (1)
- Fassaden (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fenton-like reaction (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flask method (1)
- Flexible shadow masks (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescent microscopy (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorides (1)
- Fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Flügel (1)
- Food (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Forest fires (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Formaldehyd (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (1)
- Freisetzung (1)
- Fuel sorption (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungal decay (1)
- Fungal stress mechanisms and responses (1)
- Fungicidal property (1)
- Fungiculture (1)
- Fusarium (1)
- Fällmittel (1)
- GC-FID (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GDL (1)
- GNBP-2 (1)
- Gas analysis (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- General Chemistry (1)
- General Environmental Science (1)
- General Materials Science (1)
- General Medicine (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Global radiation (1)
- Granulat (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphene–bacteria interaction (1)
- Green facades (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Grouts (1)
- Growth-rate homeostasis (1)
- Gut symbionts (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum plasterboards (1)
- Gypsum waste (1)
- Halogenation (1)
- Halophilic bacteria (1)
- Hausbockkäfer (1)
- Hazardous waste (1)
- Haze Samples (1)
- Hazenite (1)
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (1)
- Healthcare (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Heat maps (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Heavy metal removal (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- Hellenistic (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- Hermopolis (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- High density polyethylene (1)
- History of Art (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Holzwurm (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Hospital premises (1)
- Host and symbiont ecology (1)
- Host immunity (1)
- Hydration products (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogenasen (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- Hygienic behavior (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. (1)
- Hyperarid (1)
- Hypermutation (1)
- Hypopharynx (1)
- ICP-OES (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO 22196 (1)
- ISO REMCO (1)
- ITS region (1)
- Idiopathic environmental intolerance (1)
- In situ (1)
- In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- In-situ analysis (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance (1)
- Indoor air (1)
- Indoor mycobiome (1)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (1)
- Industrial mycology (1)
- Infecting a number of insects, (1)
- Infections (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Infrared thermography (1)
- Ink analyses (1)
- Ink corrosion (1)
- Innenraumluft (1)
- Insect evolution (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Instrumental analysis of ink (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Inter-comparison (1)
- Inter-lab comparison (1)
- Inter-laboratory test (1)
- Intercomparison (1)
- Interdisciplinarity (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ir DNA staining approach (1)
- Iron gall ink (1)
- Iron making (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issues (1)
- Jig (1)
- Joint grouts (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Labrum (1)
- Laccase (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Laser printer emission (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Leaching of waste materials (1)
- Lead (1)
- Leather (1)
- Lichtbogenofen (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Lignocellulose (1)
- Limit values (1)
- Low alloy steel (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-molecular-weight organic substances (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- MSWI fly ash (1)
- Major transition (1)
- Mantelverordnung (1)
- Manuscript (1)
- Manuscript studies (1)
- Map production and publishing (1)
- Maps and colours (1)
- Marble (1)
- Marek's Disease Virus (1)
- Marek's virus (1)
- Mask fabrication (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Materials Chemistry (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Mechanische Stabilität (1)
- Mechanisms of pathogenesis (1)
- Mechanosensitive channel (1)
- Medical mycology (1)
- Melanin (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Melting point (1)
- Melting temperature (1)
- Metabolic engineering (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic modeling (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metadata (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Metals and Alloys (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Metarhizium robertsii DSM 1490 (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanogen (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methanogens (1)
- Methods of scientific analysis (1)
- Microbe (1)
- Microbial abundance (1)
- Microbial adhesions (1)
- Microbial simulation, (1)
- Microbially Induced Corrosion (1)
- Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) (1)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (1)
- Microchamber (1)
- Micromonospora aurantiaca (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Microplastics (1)
- Microwaves (1)
- Middle Ages (1)
- Millipedes (1)
- Mineral (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mixed Inks (1)
- Mixture toxicity (1)
- Model (1)
- Model aerosols (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling studies (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Moisture performance (1)
- Molecular Organic Frameworks (1)
- Molecular clock (1)
- Molecular identification (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Monoterpene (1)
- Monoverbrennung (1)
- MscS (1)
- Mud volcanoe fluids (1)
- Multi-resistant bacteria (1)
- Multi-scale study (1)
- Multicellularity (1)
- Multidisciplinary (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Multiple Displacement Amplification (1)
- Multiple chemical sensitivity (1)
- Multiple lines of evidence (1)
- Multiport (1)
- Municipal sewage sludge (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museumsschädling (1)
- Mussel-inspired coating (1)
- Mussel-inspired materials (1)
- Mutation rate (1)
- MySpot (1)
- Mycotoxin (1)
- Müllverbrennung (1)
- N and K analog tracer (1)
- NGS (1)
- NIR imaging (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nano (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano Particles (1)
- Nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Nano-materials (1)
- NanoPlattform (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanomaterials (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanopowder (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Natural abundance of 15N (1)
- Natural durability (1)
- Natural ecosystems (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Near ambient x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Near-infrared refectography (1)
- Near-infrared refelctography (1)
- Neozoon (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- New exocrine organ (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Nitrogen fixation (1)
- Nitrogen uptake (1)
- Nitrososphaerales (1)
- Nitrous oxide (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Non-invasive (1)
- Non-invasive scientific methods (1)
- Non-vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Nonspecific binding (NSB) (1)
- Nonvolatile (1)
- Normung (1)
- Nostoc punctiforme (1)
- Novelle BBodSchV (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Nutrient acquisition (1)
- Nutrient cycles (1)
- Nutrient uplift and recyclin (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- OECD (1)
- OIT (1)
- Oddy test (1)
- Oil (1)
- Olivine (1)
- One-step ionic liquids synthesis (1)
- Open data (1)
- OpenBIS (1)
- Optical properties of ink (1)
- Optical and Magnetic Materials (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- Organic phosphorus breakdown (1)
- Osmotic shock (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Oxide melts (1)
- Oxyfuel-Verbrennung (1)
- P sink method (1)
- P speciation (1)
- P-Recyclingdünger (1)
- P-efficiency (1)
- P. Fluorescens (1)
- PAK (1)
- PM monitors (1)
- PV modules (1)
- Painting (1)
- Paper sizings (1)
- Particle emission (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particle synthesis (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Parylene C (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Pathogen virulence (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Peptide-derived components (1)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkly substances (PFASs) (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (1)
- Performance (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Permeat (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Persian historical recipes (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Pest control (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pflanzenverfügbarkeit (1)
- Pflanzenwurzel (1)
- Phase formation (1)
- Phase transformation (1)
- Phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- Phenotypic variation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphate dynamics (1)
- Phosphate extractability and availability (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphor-Rückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorous recovery (1)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorus K-edge-XANES spectroscopy (1)
- Phosphorus availability (1)
- Phosphorus elimination (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Phosphous recovery (1)
- Photocatalytic surfaces (1)
- Photodynamic therapy (1)
- Photometric P determination (1)
- Photonics (1)
- Phototrophs (1)
- Phyllosphere (1)
- Physical and optical characteristics (1)
- Pilot comparison (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant economic spectrum (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Plastic degradation (1)
- Plastic waste (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Polydopamine (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polyioinic liquid (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Polymerase mutant (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polyurethanes (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Pot experiments (1)
- Potential toxic elements (1)
- Probiotic-based vaccines (1)
- Probiotics (1)
- Process Metallurgy (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process upscaling (1)
- Proficiency testing (1)
- Proofreading deficient (1)
- Prospective risk assessment (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proton conductivity (1)
- Pseudomonas fluorescens (1)
- Pseudomonas veronii (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health (1)
- Purification (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- Pyrometallurgie (1)
- Quasispecies (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNA-Seq (1)
- RNA-Sequencing (1)
- RNAi (1)
- Radio waves (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radon (1)
- Radon exhalation (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Reactive oxygen species (1)
- Reactor conditions (1)
- Real-time qPCR (1)
- Recipes (1)
- Recovery potential (1)
- Recovery rate (1)
- Recycled gypsum (1)
- Recycled sources (1)
- Recyclingdüngemittel (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Red mud (1)
- Redensarten (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Reduktionsprozess (1)
- Reference materials (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference organisms (1)
- Reference samples (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Relative agronomische Effizienz (RAE) (1)
- Religion (1)
- Rembrandt (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Resistance model (1)
- Resource Recovery (1)
- Resources (1)
- Retentat (1)
- Reverse paintings on glass (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Rhenanite (1)
- Rhizopus (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rhizosphere effect (1)
- Rhizosphere processes (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Rice (1)
- Road construction waste (1)
- Robustness validation (1)
- Rock biofilm (1)
- Root economics space (1)
- Rostral gland (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- Rround robin test (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SEM (1)
- SEM micrography (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SVOC (1)
- Safety (1)
- Salts (1)
- Sample preparation (1)
- Sapphire (1)
- Sc recovery (1)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- Scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Scribal corrections (1)
- Secondary P-fertilizer (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Selective Chlorination (1)
- Selective chlorination (1)
- Selective quantification (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (1)
- Semivolatile organic compounds (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sequence annotation (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Sets of archaeometric data (1)
- Setzmaschine (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (SSA) (1)
- Sewage sludge disposal (1)
- Short crack propagation (1)
- Silica and polystyrene nanoparticles (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Silicon carbide (1)
- Silver (1)
- Single cell (1)
- Single cell microbiology (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Size (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Social Immunity (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Social insect (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Soil-feeding habit (1)
- Soil-like material (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solar panels (1)
- Soldier (1)
- Solid phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solid-liquid extraction (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Solute excretion (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Solvolyse (1)
- Solvolysis (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Spectral imaging (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standsicherheit (1)
- Steelmaking residues (1)
- Stoichiometric homeostasis (1)
- Stone cultural heritage (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Strategy and Management (1)
- Stress conditions (1)
- Sub-4nm particles (1)
- Subjective complaints (1)
- Subsocial (1)
- Subsoil nutrient tracing (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sum parameter (1)
- Sum parameter analysis (1)
- Suppression (1)
- Surface interactions (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Synergy (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Synthetic metabolism (1)
- Synthetic organic pigments (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Tannins (1)
- Targeted and nontargeted (1)
- Targeting, Nanoparticles (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Temperate rain forest (1)
- Temperature and humidity (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Tems (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Termiten (1)
- Termitoidae (1)
- Textilschädling (1)
- Thermal analysis (1)
- Thermal degradation (1)
- Thermo-desorption (1)
- Thermocouple (1)
- Thermodynamic (1)
- Thioimidazolium (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- Torah (1)
- Torah scrolls (1)
- Touch surfaces (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Tripartite interactions (1)
- UV radiation (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Umweltsimulation (1)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (1)
- Up-cycling (1)
- UpConversion (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Ureolytic bacteria (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- VOC emission (1)
- VOC-Emission (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Vegetationsversuche (1)
- Vererbung (1)
- Vergleichende Linguistik (1)
- Verwertung (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Vitrine (1)
- Vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Vorsorgewerte (1)
- Waste (1)
- Waste incineration (1)
- Waste management (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Water (1)
- Water analysis (1)
- Water atmosphere (1)
- Water contact (1)
- Water stable isotope analysis (1)
- Water uptake (1)
- Weld fatigue (1)
- Weld toe geometry (1)
- Wet-mechanical treatment (1)
- White-rot fungi (1)
- Wood Modification (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- X-Ray flourescence spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- X-ray fuorescence (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray tomographic (1)
- XRF imaging (1)
- XRF ink analysis (1)
- Yeast (1)
- ZIF (1)
- ZIF-8 (1)
- Zearalenone (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- Zentrat (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zinc chloride (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- Zinnschlacke (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- dsDAN monolayer (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- iChip (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- openBIS (1)
- pH (1)
- pH probe (1)
- pHe (1)
- qPCR (1)
- soil (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
- ‘Green’ pesticide (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (341)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (93)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (74)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (56)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (54)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (44)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (38)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (33)
- 6 Materialchemie (31)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (12)
Paper des Monats
- ja (19)
Salt tolerance in the γ-proteobacterium Halomonas elongata is linked to its ability to produce the compatible solute ectoine. The metabolism of ectoine production is of great interest since it can shed light on the biochemical basis of halotolerance as well as pave the way for the improvement of the biotechnological production of such compatible solute. Ectoine belongs to the biosynthetic family of aspartate-derived amino-acids. Aspartate is formed from oxaloacetate, thereby connecting ectoine production to the anaplerotic reactions that refill carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). This places a high demand on these reactions and creates the need to regulate them not only in response to growth but also in response to extracellular salt concentration. In this work, we combine modeling and experiments to analyze how these different needs shape the anaplerotic reactions in H. elongata. First, the stoichiometric and thermodynamic factors that condition the flux distributions are analyzed, then the optimal patterns of operation for oxaloacetate production are calculated. Finally, the phenotype of two deletion mutants lacking potentially relevant anaplerotic enzymes: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (Ppc) and oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Oad) are experimentally characterized. The results show that the anaplerotic reactions in H. elongata are indeed subject to evolutionary pressures that differ from those faced by other gram-negative bacteria. Ectoine producing halophiles must meet a higher metabolic demand for oxaloacetate and the reliance of many marine bacteria on the Entner-Doudoroff pathway compromises the anaplerotic efficiency of Ppc, which is usually one of the main enzymes fulfilling this role. The anaplerotic flux in H. elongata is contributed not only by Ppc but also by Oad, an enzyme that has not yet been shown to play this role in vivo. Ppc is necessary for H. elongata to grow normally at low salt concentrations but it is not required to achieve near maximal growth rates as long as there is a steep sodium gradient. On the other hand, the lack of Oad presents serious difficulties to grow at high salt concentrations. This points to a shared role of these two enzymes in guaranteeing the supply of oxaloacetate for biosynthetic reactions.
Popioły pochodzące z instalacji do spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych, znajdującej się na terytorium Polski, poddano procesom termochemicznego przekształcania, dzięki czemu otrzymano produkty nawozowe spełniające kryteria dopuszczające je do obrotu jako nawozy mineralne. Ponadto dokonano analizy możliwości wykorzystania popiołów na cele nawozowe zgodnie z obecnie przyjętymi dokumentami strategicznymi i planistycznymi dotyczącymi gospodarki odpadami na poziomie krajowym i europejskim.
Antimicrobial touch surfaces have been introduced in healthcare settings with the aim of supporting existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which may drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights studies that indicate risks associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes, including evolution by de-novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed on to antimicrobial surfaces. The review focuses on antimicrobial surfaces made of copper, silver and antimicrobial peptides because of the practical application of copper and silver, and the promising characteristics of antimicrobial peptides. The available data point to a potential for resistance selection and a subsequent increase in resistant strains via cross-resistance and co-resistance conferred by metal and antibiotic resistance traits. However, translational studies describing the development of resistance to antimicrobial touch surfaces in healthcare-related environments are rare, and will be needed to assess whether and how antimicrobial surfaces lead to resistance selection in These settings. Such studies will need to consider numerous variables, including the antimicrobial concentrations present in coatings, the occurrence of biofilms on surfaces, and the humidity relevant to dry-surface environments. On-site tests on the efficacy of antimicrobial Coatings should routinely evaluate the risk of selection associated with their use.
In many bacteria, the biofilm-promoting second messenger c-di-GMP is produced and degraded by multiple diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE), respectively. High target specificity of some of these enzymes has led to theoretical concepts of "local" c-di-GMP signaling. In Escherichia coli K-12, which has 12 DGCs and 13 PDEs, a single DGC, DgcC, is specifically required for the biosynthesis of the biofilm exopolysaccharide pEtN-cellulose without affecting the cellular c-di-GMP pool, but the mechanistic basis of this target specificity has remained obscure. DGC activity of membrane-associated DgcC, which is demonstrated in vitro in nanodiscs, is shown to be necessary and sufficient to specifically activate cellulose biosynthesis in vivo. DgcC and a particular PDE, PdeK (encoded right next to the cellulose operon), directly interact with cellulose synthase subunit BcsB and with each other, thus establishing physical proximity between cellulose synthase and a local source and sink of c-di-GMP. This arrangement provides a localized, yet open source of c-di-GMP right next to cellulose synthase subunit BcsA, which needs allosteric activation by c-di-GMP. Through mathematical modeling and simulation, we demonstrate that BcsA binding from the low cytosolic c-di-GMP pool in E. coli is negligible, whereas a single c-di-GMP molecule that is produced and released in direct proximity to cellulose synthase increases the probability of c-di-GMP binding to BcsA several hundred-fold. This local c-di-GMP signaling could provide a blueprint for target-specific second messenger signaling also in other bacteria where multiple second messenger producing and degrading enzymes exist.
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration.
Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase.
Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen.
Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist.
This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium(~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and Cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA t low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers.
Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation.
This study investigated the adaptation of the state-of-the-art test procedure for the determination of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials into indoor air to test for the radon exhalation from stony construction products. A complete robustness validation including all relevant parameters showed that the procedure can be well applied by testing institutes already holding available the required VOC testing infrastructure that solely needs to be complemented by calibrated commercial radon measurement instrumentation. When measurements of the radon exhalation from construction materials become mandatory by law, test capacity can easily be applied. This work can serve as a recommendation for the European standardisation that still is on hold in this point.
The reliable measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) in indoor air by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) in order to include them into evaluation schemes for building products even nowadays is a great challenge. For capturing these small molecules with carbon numbers ranging from C 1 –C 6 , strong adsorbents are needed. In the present study, recovery rates of nine suitable adsorbents of the groups of porous polymers, graphitised carbon blacks (GCB) and carbon molecular sieves (CMS) are tested against a complex test gas standard containing 29 VVOC. By consideration of the recovery and the relative humidity (50% RH), combinations of the GCB Carbograph 5TD, the two CMS Carboxen 1003 and Carbosieve SII as well as the porous polymer Tenax® GR were identified to be potentially suitable for sampling the majority of the VVOC out of the gas mix. The results reveal a better performance of the adsorbents in combination than being used alone, particularly under humid sampling conditions. The recovery rates of the chosen compounds on each adsorbent should be in the range of 80–120%.
The evolutionary success of insects is promoted by their association with beneficial microbes that enable the utilization of unusual diets. The synanthropic clothing moth Tineola bisselliella provides an intriguing example of this phenomenon. The caterpillars of this species have adapted to feed on keratin-rich diets such as feathers and wool, which cannot be digested by most other animals and are resistant to common digestive enzymes. Inspired by the hypothesis that this ability may be conferred by symbiotic microbes, we utilized a simple assay to detect keratinase activity and a method to screen gut bacteria for candidate enzymes, which were isolated from feather-fed larvae. The isolation of DNA from keratin-degrading bacterial strains followed by de novo genome sequencing resulted in the identification of a novel bacterial strain related to Bacillus sp. FDAARGOS_235. Genome Annotation identified 20 genes with keratinase domains. Proteomic analysis of the culture supernatant from this gut bacterium grown in non-nutrient buffer supplemented with feathers revealed several candidate enzymes potentially responsible for keratin degradation, including a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and multiple proteases. Our results suggest that the unusual diet of T. bisselliella larvae promotes their association with keratinolytic microorganisms and that the ability of larvae to feed on keratin can at least partially be attributed to bacteria that produce a cocktail of keratin-degrading enzymes.
What Does Ectoine Do to DNA? A Molecular-Scale Picture of Compatible Solute−Biopolymer Interactions
(2020)
Compatible solutes are accumulated in the cytoplasm of halophilic microorganisms. These molecules enable their survival in a high salinity environment. Ectoine is such a compatible solute. It is a zwitterionic molecule which strongly interacts with surrounding water molecules and changes the dynamics of the local hydration shell. Ectoine interacts with biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA. The molecular interaction between ectoine and biomolecules in particular the interaction between ectoine and DNA is far from being understood.
In this paper we describe molecular aspects of the interaction between ectoine and double stranded DNA(dsDNA). Two 20 base pairs long dsDNA fragments were immobilized on a Gold surface via a thiol-tether. The interaction between the dsDNA monolayers with diluted and concentrated ectoine solutions was examined by means of X-ray photoelectron and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopies (PM IRRAS). Experimental results indicate that the ability of ectoine to bind water reduces the strength of hydrogen bonds formed to the ribose-phosphate backbone in the dsDNA. In diluted (0.1 M) ectoine solution, DNA interacts predominantly with water molecules. The sugar-phosphate backbone is involved in the formation of strong hydrogen bonds to water, which with elapsing time leads to a reorientation of the planes of nucleic acid bases. This reorientation destabilizes the hydrogen bonds strength between the bases and leads to a partial dehybridizaiton of the dsDNA. In concentrated ectoine solution (2.5 M), almost all water molecules interact with ectoine. Under this condition ectoine is able to interact directly with DNA. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the direct interaction involves the nitrogen atoms in ectoine and phosphate groups in the DNA molecule. The results of the quantum chemical calculations Show that rearrangements in the ribose-phosphate backbone, caused by a direct interaction with ectoine, facilitates contacts between O atom in the phosphate group and H atoms in a nucleic acid base. In the PM IRRA spectra, an increase in the number of the IR absorption modes in the base pair frequency region proves that the hydrogen bonds between bases become weaker.
Thus, a sequence of reorientations caused by interaction with ectoine leads to a breakdown of hydrogen bonds between bases in the double helix.