4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (81)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (71)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (22)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (18)
- Posterpräsentation (16)
- Amtliche Bekanntmachung (12)
- Forschungsbericht (10)
- Buchkapitel (9)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (2)
- Sammelband (Herausgeberschaft für den kompletten Band) (1)
Schlagworte
- Deponie (32)
- Leaching (28)
- Rostasche (20)
- PFAS (18)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (16)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (16)
- Zulassungen (16)
- Anerkennungen (15)
- Richtlinien (15)
- Bottom ash (14)
- Festlegungen (12)
- Geokunststoffe (12)
- Zulassung (12)
- Sewage sludge (9)
- Soil (9)
- XANES spectroscopy (9)
- Geosynthetics (8)
- Phosphorus (8)
- Construction products (7)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (7)
- PAK (7)
- BBodSchV (6)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (6)
- Combustion ion chromatography (6)
- Ecotoxicity (6)
- Geogitter (6)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (6)
- Lysimeter (6)
- Mikroplastik (6)
- Remediation (6)
- Transformation (6)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (6)
- Antimony (5)
- Biocides (5)
- Fertilizer (5)
- Ground water (5)
- Verwertung (5)
- Ausnahmegenehmigungen (4)
- Bodenmaterial (4)
- Circular economy (4)
- Degradation (4)
- Gefahrgutregeln (4)
- Geotextiles (4)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (4)
- Nassaufbereitung (4)
- Passive sampling (4)
- Sorption (4)
- Spannungsrissbeständigkeit (4)
- XANES (4)
- Ökotoxizität (4)
- Abfallverbrennung (3)
- Bauprodukte (3)
- Beschleunigte Alterung (3)
- CIC (3)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (3)
- Dichtungskontrollsysteme (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (3)
- Düngemittel (3)
- EOF (3)
- Elutionsverfahren (3)
- Ersatzbaustoff (3)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (3)
- Geotextilien (3)
- Groundwater (3)
- HP14 (3)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (3)
- Incineration bottom ash (3)
- Mechanochemical treatment (3)
- PFC (3)
- Polymere (3)
- Recycling (3)
- Recycling materials (3)
- Risk assessment (3)
- Robustness studies (3)
- Schadstofftransfer (3)
- Secondary building materials (3)
- TED-GC/MS (3)
- Waste management (3)
- Waste treatment (3)
- Weathering (3)
- XRF (3)
- Abdichtungssystem (2)
- Abfallbehandlung (2)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (2)
- Ammonium (2)
- Analytical methods (2)
- Antimon (2)
- Artificial ageing (2)
- Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff (2)
- Biozid (2)
- Biozide (2)
- Boden (2)
- Böden (2)
- Circular Economy (2)
- Coastal protection (2)
- Comsumer good samples (2)
- DSLT (2)
- Density separation (2)
- Deponien (2)
- Deponietechnik (2)
- Design of experiments (2)
- Dichtungskontrollsystem (2)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (2)
- Dry treatment (2)
- Elutionsverhalten (2)
- Emission (2)
- Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (2)
- HDPE geomembrane (2)
- Klärschlamm (2)
- Kunststoffrasen (2)
- Kunststoffschweißen (2)
- LC-MS/MS (2)
- Landfill liner (2)
- Langzeitverhalten (2)
- Leaching of waste materials (2)
- Leaching tests (2)
- Leak detection (2)
- MSWI bottom ash (2)
- Marine littering (2)
- Micro plastic (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (2)
- Permeable reactive barriers (2)
- Phosphor (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Regulations (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Schutzschicht (2)
- Schutzschichten (2)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (2)
- Sequenzielle Extraktion (2)
- Setzmaschine (2)
- Soil-like material (2)
- Solubility (2)
- Substance release (2)
- Sum parameter analysis (2)
- Thermal treatment (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (2)
- Vanadium (2)
- Waste-to-energy (2)
- Wood protection (2)
- X-ray diffraction (2)
- Zustimmungen (2)
- AOF (1)
- Abdichtungssysteme (1)
- Abfalltrennung (1)
- Abfälle (1)
- Accelerated aging (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aging (1)
- Air pollution control (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Analytical screening techniques (1)
- Analytik (1)
- Aquatische Toxizität (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Aufbau von Festkörpern (1)
- Aufbereitung (1)
- Aufbereitungstechnik (1)
- Auslaugtests (1)
- Auslaugverfahren (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- Auswaschverlauf (1)
- Auswaschversuche (1)
- Autoclave tests (1)
- Autoklaventest (1)
- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- BTEX (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bauprodukt (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Beständigkeit (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Biocides in the environment (1)
- Biotests (1)
- Blauer Engel (1)
- Bodenmaterialien (1)
- Brown-rot fungi (1)
- Building Material (1)
- Building materials (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemisches Recycling (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Concept (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Construction and demolition waste (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Contaminant transfer (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Copper (1)
- Culuative energy demand (1)
- Deponiebau (1)
- Deponierung (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Dichtesortierung (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Driving rain (1)
- Dynamic surface leaching test (1)
- EOF/AOF (1)
- Eco-efficiency analysis (1)
- Ecotoxicity testing (1)
- Ecotoxicity tests (1)
- Ecotoxicological tests (1)
- Ecotoxixity (1)
- Electrochemical remediation (1)
- Eluates (1)
- Eluatwerte (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Emissionsfunktionen (1)
- Environmental Chemistry (1)
- Environmental Engineering (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental assessment (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Ergebnisunsicherheit (1)
- European research area (1)
- Exergie (1)
- Exergy (1)
- Extractable organic fluorine (1)
- Fassaden (1)
- Fassadenfarbe (1)
- Fassadenfarben (1)
- Fertilzer (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flame-retardant (1)
- Flotation (1)
- Fluor XANES (1)
- Fluoride (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Freisetzung (1)
- Freisetzung und Transfer von Schadstoffen (1)
- Fungi (1)
- Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (1)
- Gebührenverordnung (1)
- General Chemistry (1)
- General Medicine (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Gleichgewicht (1)
- Global radiation (1)
- Greenhouse gas accounting (1)
- Greenhouse gas balance (1)
- Greenhouse gas mitigation (1)
- Grouts (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- HR-CS-GFMAS (1)
- HR-GF-MAS (1)
- Headspace GC-MS (1)
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Household waste (1)
- Hydraulic engineering (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Inter-laboratory test (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Jig (1)
- Joint grouts (1)
- Kontamination (1)
- Kristallsystem (1)
- Kumulierter Energieaufwand (1)
- Kunstrasen (1)
- Kunststoff-Dränelement (1)
- Kunststoffsportbeläge (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Lfe cycle assessment (1)
- Limit values (1)
- Lysimeter, Antimony (1)
- MSWI Bottom Ash (1)
- Mantelverordnung (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Material recycling (1)
- Materialkreislauf (1)
- Materials flow (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Mechanochemistry (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mixture toxicity (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Municipal solid waste (1)
- Müllverbrennung (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nano metal fluorides (1)
- Nano-materials (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Novelle BBodSchV (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- OIT (1)
- Oil (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- Organo fluorine analysis (1)
- Oxyfuel-Verbrennung (1)
- PAH (1)
- PFAS analysis (1)
- PFAS analytics (1)
- Paints (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkly substances (PFASs) (1)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) (1)
- Perfluorierte Verbindungen (1)
- Perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (1)
- Phosphorus recovery (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant-availability (1)
- Plastic waste (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Polyfluorinated alcohol (PFOH) (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polyurethanes (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Potential toxic elements (1)
- Prallzerkleinerungsverfahren (1)
- Preis- Leistungsverzeichnis (1)
- Prospective risk assessment (1)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Reifenabrieb (1)
- Resources (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Road construction waste (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SPE extraction (1)
- Salts (1)
- Sc recovery (1)
- Scandium (1)
- Schwermetalle (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Secondary resources (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Separate collection (1)
- Sewage extraction (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Simulation of materials degradation (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil extraction (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solid phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solid-liquid extraction (1)
- Solvolyse (1)
- Solvolysis (1)
- Speziierungsanalyse (1)
- Sportböden (1)
- Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standsicherheit (1)
- Stoffstromanalyse (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sum parameter (1)
- Sum parameter analyis (1)
- Summenparameter (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Surfacewaters (1)
- Synchotron (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Targeted and nontargeted (1)
- Tauchtest (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Termites (1)
- Testverfahren (1)
- Thermal degradation (1)
- Thermische Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Thermo-desorption (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Transport modeling (1)
- Ultrashort PFAS (1)
- Umweltbewertung (1)
- Ungleichgewicht (1)
- Uranium (1)
- Uranium mining (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- Utilization (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Verwertung Bodenmaterial (1)
- Vorsorgewerte (1)
- Wasserbau (1)
- Waste incineration (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Water analysis (1)
- Water contact (1)
- Wet-mechanical treatment (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Wärmedämmverbundsystem (1)
- XANES-Spektroskopie (1)
- XPS (1)
- Zentrifugalsortierer (1)
- Zertifikate (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- soil (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
- Ökotoxtests (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (245) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (4)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (81)
Bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) contains harmful substances such as heavy metals, chloride and sulfate which are mobilized in contact with water. Standardized leaching tests are used to measure the extent of mobilization. It is known that fresh bottom ash displays elevated concentrations of various heavy metals such as lead or zinc due to the formation of hydroxo complexes as a result of high pH values of 12 and above. Storage of BA is accompanied by ageing processes, mainly the reaction of CaO and Ca(OH)2 with CO2 leading to lower pH values in contact with water around 11. Usually heavy metals concentrations are minimum at these conditions. Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer. BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates. The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests. An increase in the Sb concentration was observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA as secondary building material.
Brominated flame retardants have widely been used for more than 50 years and have been frequently detected in environmental samples as surface water and fish. Leaching from construction products was identified as one possible source. The use of substances as e.g. hexabromocyclododecane (HBCCD) was restricted recently due to increasing concern about negative impacts on the environment and human health caused by the persistent, bio accumulative and toxic properties. New polymeric brominated flame retardants have been developed to replace HBCCD in expanded polystyrene (XPS), which is used for insulation of buildings. It is assumed that the release from the polymer is much smaller in comparison to release of small molecules as HBCCD. The release from the polymer may include monomers or small fragments of different size. Thus, a sum parameter is needed. According to Schlummer et al. it is possible to detect brominated molecules using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy by determination of brome content in XPS extracts. As only small brominated compounds can be extracted it also allows for the differentiation between the two classes of compounds. This method was applied to verify the presence of different kinds of flame retardants in XPS samples and to evaluate the leaching behavior.
Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place.
A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.
Solid wastewater-based fertilizers were screened for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter method. The EOF values for ten sewage sludges from Germany and Switzerland range from 154 to 7209 mg kg−1. For thermal treated sewage sludge and struvite the EOF were lower with values up to 121 mg kg−1. Moreover, the application of PFAS targeted
and suspect screening analysis of selected sewage sludge samples showed that only a small part of the EOF sum parameter values can be explained by the usually screened legacy PFAS. The hitherto unknown part of EOF sum parameter contains also fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceutical and aromatic compounds. Because these partly fluorinated compounds can degrade to (ultra-)short PFAS in wastewater treatment plants they should be considered as significant sources of organic fluorine in the environment. The combined results of sum parameter analysis and suspect screening reveal the need to update current regulations, such as the German fertilizer ordinance, to focus not solely on a few selected PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) but
consider an additional sum parameter approach as a more holistic alternative. Moreover, diffusion gradient in thin-films (DGT) passive samplers were utilized as an alternative simplified extraction method for PFAS in solid wastewater-based fertilizers and subsequently quantified via combustion ion chromatography. However, the DGT method was less sensitive and only comparable to the EOF values
of the fertilizers in samples with >150 mg kg−1, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations.
In 2018 municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in Europe produced nearly 19 Mt of bottom ash (BA); only 46 %-wt. was treated, often in poorly performing plants, leaving behind 10 Mt of untreated and unrecovered BA, destined to landfill. This work was based on the inventory of BA across Europe, and on the hypothesis to achieve complete BA valorisation through two assumptions: treating 100% BA and minimizing the loss of valuable fractions due to technical limitations of state-of-the-art processes in comparison to advanced innovative processes. The research involved three phases: characterization of potential secondary raw materials (metals and mineral fraction) currently lost from untreated (the surplus compared to treatment capacity) and unrecovered BA (the fine fraction) through material flow analysis; environmental assessment (energy balance and net GHG emissions) of complete BA valorisation; investigation of the economic feasibility of complete BA Valorisation through state-of-the-art technologies. The resulting 2.14 Mt loss of valuable materials included 1 Mt Mineral fraction and 0.97 Mt ferrous metals, mostly from untreated BA, and 0.18 Mt non-ferrous metals, mostly from unrecovered BA. The energy balance and GHGs emissions required by the treatment of the currently untreated and unrecovered fractions of BA resulted in energy and GHGs emissions savings. Economic profitability was driven by iron and copper recycling and avoided landfill fees. Profitability was achieved by two thirds of considered countries (average values: NPV 83 M€, ROI 20%, payback time 11 years) with BA mass flow exceeding 0.02 Mt.
This Special Issue, ‘Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials’, is focused on the impact that materials have on the environmental compartments of soil, water and air. Leaching and emission processes, including underlying mechanisms, are a recurring topic in most published articles in the present Special Issue. Contributions have come from three continents and numerous countries (USA, Germany, France, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Japan, Korea and Thailand) indicating the global dimension of the subject.
Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment.
We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic organofluorine surfactants used in the formulations of thousands of products and consumer goods, including aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used to suppress aviation fires in training scenarios, non-stick cookware, fast-food wrappers, water-repellent fabrics, medical equipment. Because PFAS have been extensively used in a variety of AFFF products they can be found in soils from industrial and military installations. Current decontamination strategies of PFAS-burdened soils mainly consist of adsorption methods using adsorbents for fixation of PFAS in the ground. A second option is the utilization of a “pump and treat” process, cycling polluted soils through a washing plant leading to the concentration of the pollutants in the fine fraction. Only a subsequent, high-energy consuming pyrolysis process guarantees the total destruction of all fluorinated organic contaminants. Both approaches are cost-intensive and not intended for the direct decomposition of all PFAS contaminants. Hence, there is a great demand for innovative developments and chemical treatment technologies, dealing with new strategies of tackling the PFAS problem. Previously, mechanochemical treatment of polychlorinated organic compounds in soils showed an efficient dechlorination. Thus, we investigated mechanochemical treatment of PFAS contaminated soils with various additives in a ball mill and analyzed the PFAS defluorination with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively, as well es the fluoride mineralization by ion chromatography (IC) and fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.