4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (21)
- Vortrag (11)
- Buchkapitel (8)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (5)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (1)
- Sonstiges (1)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (44)
- Deutsch (2)
- Französisch (1)
- Italienisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Ink (12)
- Archaeometry (9)
- Manuscripts (7)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (6)
- Non-destructive testing (6)
- Inks (5)
- Iron-gall ink (4)
- Papyrus (4)
- XRF (4)
- Carbon ink (3)
- Coptic (3)
- Ink analysis (3)
- Mixed ink (3)
- Parchment (3)
- Antiquity (2)
- Cultural heritage (2)
- Leather (2)
- Material science (2)
- 13th century (1)
- A Greek palimpsest (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Ancient document production (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Archaeological provenance (1)
- Archaeometric studies (1)
- Basin (1)
- Black writing ink (1)
- Byzantine manuscript (1)
- Cairo Genizah (1)
- Carolingian (1)
- Codex (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Coptic papyri (1)
- Coptic studies (1)
- DNA (1)
- Dispersion of carbon pigments (1)
- Early european inks (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- FT-Raman (1)
- Fakes (1)
- Family archives (1)
- Fragmented manuscripts (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Gothic incursions (1)
- Heat maps (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- Hellenistic (1)
- Herculaneum (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- Hermopolis (1)
- Historic ink (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Illuminated manuscripts (1)
- Ink analyses (1)
- Ink corrosion (1)
- Ink fingerprint (1)
- Instrumental analysis of ink (1)
- Interdisciplinary approach (1)
- Iron gall ink (1)
- Jewish cultures (1)
- Limitations (1)
- Manuscript (1)
- Manuscript making (1)
- Manuscript studies (1)
- Material Analysis (1)
- Material analysis (1)
- Methods of scientific analysis (1)
- Middle Ages (1)
- Mixed Inks (1)
- NIR imaging (1)
- Near-infrared refelctography (1)
- Non destructive (1)
- Non-invasive analysis (1)
- Non-vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Optical properties of ink (1)
- Palimpsest (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Preservation (1)
- Qumranrollen (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Raman (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Recipes (1)
- Reflectography (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence (1)
- Scribal corrections (1)
- Scythica Vindobonensia, (1)
- Sets of archaeometric data (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Tanning (1)
- Tannins (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Torah (1)
- Torah scrolls (1)
- Typology of Inks (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Vienna manuscript (1)
- Vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Writing Ink (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- X-Ray flourescence spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray based techniques (1)
- XRF imaging (1)
- XRF ink analysis (1)
- Zinc (1)
- historic inks (1)
- ink (1)
- papyrus (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (48) (entfernen)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (11)
We present here our methodological approach applied to the study of Egyptian inks in Late Antiquity. It is based on an interdisciplinary strategy, bringing together a variety of disciplines from humanities and natural sciences, and it aims at systematically collecting a statistically relevant amount of data regarding the composition of the inks. The application of a wellestablished, non-invasive protocol that includes near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for in situ measurements enables the identification and characterisation of inks dating from the end of Late Antiquity onwards. However, sometimes this method limits our understanding when characterising more ancient inks. Trying to overcome these limitations, the potential of a new device for the characterisation of organic compounds is here explored by conducting preliminary tests on mock samples.
In this work, we present the results from 77 codicological units that include some of the earliest manuscripts of our corpus that presently lists 159 units.
Black writing materials of different types and compositions have varied in use over time and different geographical regions. With this paper, we would like to contribute to their study by listing and reviewing recipes for black writing inks that were in circulation in the Carolingian Empire as well as by referencing the archaeometric analyses of the black inks used in the manuscripts. The studies presented here that involved the humanities and natural sciences provide new insights into how the scholars of the early Medieval Ages organized manuscripts.
Ancient Inks
(2023)
In the last decade scientists and scholars have accumulated more knowledge on black ink used for writing in Antiquity and the early Middle Ages.
Ready availability of non-destructive testing instruments employed in interdisciplinary projects on historic manuscripts have made it possible to determine the composition of ink and to compare it with the extant records.
While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung (BAM) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) in Hamburg has developed a non-invasive protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary reflectographic screening to determine the type of the ink (soot, tannin or iron-gall) and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The first of them, XRF elemental analysis aims at establishing the unique fingerprints of inks containing metals or trace elements in carbon inks. In addition, we use Raman analysis to identify so-called mixed inks, an ink category that received little attention so far. Finally, with the help of IR spectroscopy we obtain information about the ink binders.
It is well documented that throughout Antiquity, ancient Egyptians used mostly carbon inks as a writing material. In Late Antiquity, some metals started to be added to carbon based inks. We have records of five manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection whose carbon inks were found to contain copper Also, lead was recently found as an additive in carbon inks on a charred fragment from Herculaneum. Furthermore, the earliest evidence of iron-gall ink was found in the Book of Proverbs (Codex Ms. Berol. orient. oct. 987) dating to the third fourth centuries ce. It has been suggested that along with carbon and iron-gall inks, there is no reason to think that purely tannin inks were not also in use in Egypt. However, so far, we just have evidence of a copper-tannin ink identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the first third centuries bce. In an attempt to fill this gap in this extremely fragmented scenario during our studies of the socio-geographic history of inks, we arrived at the conclusion that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for the historical study of inks across a large geographic area.
Advanced codicological studies of Cod. germ. 6 (Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek): Part 2
(2018)
The work presented here follows the article Combining Codicology and X-Ray Spectrometry to Unveil the History of Production of Codex germanicus 6 (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg), published in 2014.1 It confirms the main result of the previous article: the Artusnotiz, the fourth text in the bound manuscript, must have been introduced as the last one. This paper offers further details of the codex production, based on the composition of the black and red inks collected in four measurement campaigns. Furthermore, using imaging μ-XRF, we succeeded in understanding the strong variation of the composition of the red inks in the initials of all the texts except for Parzival and Jeanne d’Arc.
Typology of Inks
Archives and museums around the world contain a vast number of manuscripts that were written in different inks: carbon inks, plant inks, iron-gall inks and mixed inks. Yet most archaeometric studies of manuscripts focus on the palette of pigments found in illuminated manuscripts whereas identification of the inks is still largely based on cultural-historical studies and visual inspections. One of the reasons of this disproportion in the studies can be explained by the properties of Raman spectroscopy, the technique of choice for identification of pigments. In contrast, this technique is only partially viable when dealing with organic colourants. Brown and Clark discuss these difficulties and the uncertainties of identification of iron-gall inks by Raman spectroscopy in their pioneering work on early medieval Anglo-Saxon manuscripts (K. Brown and R. Clark 2004). To facilitate instrumental analysis of inks, we have developed a protocol that starts with the identification of the inks type (Rabin et al. 2012) which doesn’t require complicated instrumentation and can be carried out by paleographers and codicologists.
Three typological ink classes
The black writing materials used in manuscript production in Antiquity und Middle Ages can be sorted in three typologically different ink classes: soot, plant and iron-gall. Soot ink is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water soluble binding agent; plant-based ink consists of a solution of the tannins extracted from gallnuts or tree bark; iron-gall ink, is produced by mixing a soluble compound of iron (II) with gallic or tannic acid extracted from gallnuts or tree bark. Therefore, iron-gall ink presents a boundary case between solution and dispersion ink, in which a water-soluble preliminary stage oxidizes and evolves into a black, insoluble precipitate similar to the carbon pigments when the writing is exposed to air (Krekel 1999). The additional category of mixed inks, i.e. inks produced by addition of various metals to the soot inks or intentional mixing of iron-gall and soot - based inks started attracting scholarly attention only recently because their significance was established only a short while ago (Brun et al. 2016, Colini 2018, Nehring et al. 2021). We suggest that plant and mixed inks build a bridge from the carbon ink of Antiquity to the properly formulated iron-gall ink that became a standard black ink from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century when it gave way to modern inks.
Our standard protocol for the characterisation of writing materials within advanced manuscript studies has been successfully used to investigate manuscripts written with a pure ink on a homogeneous writing surface. However, this protocol is inadequate for analysing documents penned in mixed inks. We present here the advantages and limitations of the improved version of the protocol, which now includes imaging further into the infrared region (1100−1700 nm).