4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2019 (223) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (109)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (42)
- Posterpräsentation (30)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (23)
- Buchkapitel (10)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (3)
- Dissertation (2)
- Forschungsbericht (2)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (1)
- Forschungsdatensatz (1)
Schlagworte
- Corrosion (14)
- Ink (10)
- MIC (10)
- Bauprodukte (7)
- Biocides (7)
- Emission (7)
- Methanogens (7)
- Nano (7)
- Reverse glass painting (7)
- XRF (7)
- DRIFTS (6)
- Inks (6)
- Manuscripts (6)
- Raman spectroscopy (6)
- Recycling (6)
- Antimicrobial resistance (5)
- Archaeometry (5)
- Deponie (5)
- Fungus (5)
- Klärschlamm (5)
- OECD (5)
- ATR (4)
- Biofilm (4)
- Coptic (4)
- Cultural heritage (4)
- Evolution (4)
- Fertilzer (4)
- Geruch (4)
- Guideline (4)
- Knufia petricola (4)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (4)
- Leaching (4)
- Makronährstoffe (4)
- Microbiology (4)
- Non-invasive analysis (4)
- Olivine (4)
- Papier (4)
- Prüfrichtlinie (4)
- Weathering (4)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (4)
- Aerosol (3)
- Anerkennungen (3)
- Archaea (3)
- Ausnahmegenehmigungen (3)
- BEMMA (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Blast furnace sludge (3)
- Cascade impactor (3)
- Corrosion products (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (3)
- Electric arc furnace dust (3)
- Festlegungen (3)
- Geokunststoffe (3)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (3)
- Landwirtschaft (3)
- Material science (3)
- Museum (3)
- NanoSIMS (3)
- Non destructive analytical techniques (3)
- Papyrus (3)
- Phosphorus recovery (3)
- Pyrometallurgie (3)
- Raman Spectroscopy (3)
- Reflectography (3)
- Resistance evolution (3)
- Richtlinien (3)
- Rostasche (3)
- TXRF (3)
- Termite (3)
- ZfP (3)
- Zinc (3)
- Zulassungen (3)
- 3D inspection (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (2)
- Aerosol measurements (2)
- Agronomic performance (2)
- Alite (2)
- Anobium punctatum (2)
- Arabic Recipes (2)
- Archäometrie (2)
- BBodSchV (2)
- Biodiversity (2)
- Black fungi (2)
- Bodenmaterial (2)
- Bundesoberbehörden (2)
- CFK (2)
- Carbide formation (2)
- Carbon feeding (2)
- Carbonfaser (2)
- Chemical analysis (2)
- Chinese paper (2)
- DIN EN 16516 (2)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (2)
- ESEM (2)
- Ectoine (2)
- Elektroofenstaub (2)
- Emissionskammer (2)
- Environmental Simulation (2)
- Environmental simulation (2)
- FIB/SEM (2)
- Formaldehyd (2)
- Fume (2)
- Genetics (2)
- Geogitter (2)
- Gichtgasschlamm (2)
- Glass scanning (2)
- HI-Tension (2)
- Humboldt Codices (2)
- Immunity (2)
- Infrared spectroscopy (2)
- Innenraum (2)
- Iron-gall ink (2)
- Knufia (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (2)
- Lichtbogenofen (2)
- Luftschadstoffe (2)
- Methanogen (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (2)
- Microorganism (2)
- Nanomaterialien (2)
- Nanomaterials (2)
- Nassaufbereitung (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- Non-destructiv testing (2)
- Nosema ceranae (2)
- Osmia bicornis (2)
- PAK (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particle gas emission (2)
- Particle size distributuion (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Persian manuscripts (2)
- Persister cells (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Phosphor (2)
- Phosphorus (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Plume (2)
- Portland Cement (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Pyrometallurgy (2)
- RFA (2)
- Recycling fertilisers (2)
- Reduction process (2)
- Resistance (2)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (2)
- Restoration and conservation (2)
- Selective chlorination (2)
- Shale (2)
- Solar panel (2)
- Spatter (2)
- Stained glass (2)
- Steelmaking slag (2)
- Structured light scanning (2)
- Struvit (2)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (2)
- Synthetic organic pigments (2)
- Tantal (2)
- Tantalum (2)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Tricalcium-silicate (2)
- VOC (2)
- VOC Emissionen (2)
- Verwertung (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Vitrinen (2)
- Wild bees (2)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (2)
- XANES (2)
- XANES spectroscopy (2)
- Zeichenmaterialien (2)
- Zink (2)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D Printing (1)
- Abdichtungssysteme (1)
- AbfKlärV (1)
- Abfallverbrennung (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Additive Fertigung (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Advanced Materials (1)
- Aerosol element alanysis (1)
- Aerosol element mass concentration (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- AgBB Bewertung (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Agronomische Effizienz (1)
- Air quality (1)
- Airborne Particles (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Ambient aerosol (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambient air pollution (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Analytical chemistry (1)
- Analytical methods (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antibiotics (1)
- Antimicrobial (1)
- Antimon (1)
- Apanteles carpatus (1)
- Arabic recipes (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Aufbau von Festkörpern (1)
- Authentifizierung (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (1)
- Bauproduktenverordnung (1)
- Baustoffrecycling (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Behördenklausurtagung (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bio-P-Kläranlage (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Biological Control (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Black Ink (1)
- Black fungus (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Bodenbelag (1)
- Bodenbeläge (1)
- Botrytis (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- CDW processing (1)
- CRISPR dCas9 (1)
- CRM (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Carbon ink (1)
- Carbonbeton (1)
- Carbonfasern (1)
- Carotenoids (1)
- Cascade impector (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chemische Löslichkeit (1)
- Chicken manure (1)
- Chinese Paper (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Circular economy (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Climate responsive materials (1)
- Co-combustion (1)
- Codicology (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Colourants (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Controlled atmosphere (1)
- Controlled release fertilisers (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Corrosion product (1)
- Corynetes caeruleus (1)
- Crispr-Cas9 (1)
- DGT (1)
- DIN EN 717-1 (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Disposal (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Drawing (1)
- Dyes (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- E$volution (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EDX Analysis (1)
- EU EMPIR (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Eco-efficiency analysis (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecotoxicity (1)
- Element analysis (1)
- Element mass concetration (1)
- Elimination (1)
- Elutionsverhalten (1)
- Emission Testing (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Emissionsmessungen (1)
- Emissionsprüfkammer (1)
- Emissionsprüfung (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental evaluation (1)
- Europa (1)
- Exergy (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- Farbenlehre (1)
- Farbmittel (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fertilizer (1)
- Fibre analysis (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flow Model (1)
- Flow-system (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Forschungsstrategie (1)
- Freisetzung und Transfer von Schadstoffen (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungi (1)
- Fungiculture (1)
- Fällmittel (1)
- Fälschungserkennung (1)
- Gefahrgutregeln (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Geological formation (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Gesteinskorrosion (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Glass paints (1)
- Gleichgewicht (1)
- Gold (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Gut symbionts (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Halomonas elongata (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Halophilic (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Herculaneum (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- Historic ink (1)
- Holzschutz (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- IEQ (1)
- ITS region (1)
- In situ (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Indoor Air Quality (1)
- Indoor Products (1)
- Industrielles Abwasser (1)
- Ink composition (1)
- Ink terminology (1)
- Inkwells (1)
- Innenraumluft (1)
- Innenraumluftqualtität (1)
- Insect evolution (1)
- Interdisciplinary (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Iron (1)
- Isoptera (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issues (1)
- Jewish cultures (1)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Klärschlammdüngung (1)
- Klärschlammverordnung (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- Kraftstoffabbau (1)
- Kraftstoffbehälter (1)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (1)
- Kristallsystem (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- LCC (1)
- LIBS (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Langzeitverhalten (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Lead (1)
- Leather (1)
- Lebensmittelindustrie (1)
- Leonardo da Vinci (1)
- Lfe cycle assessment (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Light regulation (1)
- Light sensing (1)
- Low cost aerosol PM sensor (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-tech approach (1)
- Luft (1)
- Magnesium (1)
- Mantelverordnung (1)
- Manuscript (1)
- Marek's virus (1)
- Material emissions testing (1)
- Materialkreislauf (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Medieval glasses (1)
- Medieval-stained glass (1)
- Melanin (1)
- Melanins (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metal reducing bacteria (1)
- Metallkorrosion (1)
- Metalls (1)
- Metals (1)
- Microbial (1)
- Microbial community modelling (1)
- Microbiologically Influrenced Corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikroplastik (1)
- Mineral weathering (1)
- Model (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Molecular (1)
- Molecular clock (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Monoverbrennung (1)
- Museum Pests (1)
- Museum insect pest (1)
- NAP-XPS (1)
- NDT (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-destructive testing (1)
- Normung (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Novel sample preparation techniques (1)
- OIT (1)
- Office machines (1)
- Oil and gas industry (1)
- Oil and gas reservoir (1)
- Oilfield (1)
- Optische Tomografie (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- P sink method (1)
- P-Recyclingdünger (1)
- PAH (1)
- PBFSM (1)
- PM (1)
- Paper tinting (1)
- Parchment (1)
- Particle Size (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Performance (1)
- Permeable reactive barriers (1)
- Permeat (1)
- Persian manuscript (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Pflanzenverfügbarkeit (1)
- Pflanzenwurzel (1)
- Phenotypic variation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Phosphorus recycling (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant growth test (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Pollutants (1)
- Polyethylene (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Pot experiment (1)
- Preferential binding (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process monitoring (1)
- Protective glazing (1)
- Prozessmonitoring (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Quasispecies (1)
- Qumranrollen (1)
- REACH (1)
- Recycling fertilizer (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Red chalk (1)
- Reifenabrieb (1)
- Relative agronomische Effizienz (RAE) (1)
- Retentat (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rice (1)
- Ringversuch (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- SRB (1)
- Safety (1)
- Scandium (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Sewage sludge (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Social (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Soil P species (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Sportböden (1)
- Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis (1)
- Stained glass windows (1)
- Stained glasses (1)
- Standardisation (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Subaerial biofilm (1)
- Sugarcane bagasse (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition (1)
- Tanning (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Termites (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Thermografie (1)
- Tineola bisselliella (1)
- Tinting (1)
- Tomography (1)
- UV-VIS Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Umweltsimulation (1)
- Ungleichgewicht (1)
- UpConversion (1)
- Uranium (1)
- Utilization (1)
- VIS- Spektroskopie (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vegetationsversuche (1)
- Waste treatment (1)
- Water (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood protection (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-ray spectroscopic techniques (1)
- XPS (1)
- XRF-, VIS- FTIR-spectroscopy (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- Zeichnung (1)
- Zentrat (1)
- Zinnschlacke (1)
- Zinnschlacken (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- fungus (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- historic inks (1)
- light (1)
- melanin (1)
- natural ventilation (1)
- pH sensor (1)
- plant pathogen (1)
- qPCR (1)
- signaling (1)
- virulence (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (223)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (56)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (47)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (42)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (39)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (28)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (26)
- 6 Materialchemie (10)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (8)
- 6.2 Material- und Oberflächentechnologien (5)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (109)
Black microcolonial fungi (MCF) are persistent inhabitants of rock surfaces in hostile desert environments. In these niches, MCF have evolved mineral-weathering and symbiotic capabilities as well as mechanisms to cope with multiple stresses such as solar irradiation, temperature extremes and low water activity. Due to their stress tolerance these ascomycetes are prominent in modern terrestrial ecosystems – like man-made material surfaces from roof to solar panels. MCF interactive capabilities support their facultative symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria and ensure their rock-weathering geochemical activity.
Using the rock-inhabiting fungus K. petricola A95 (Chaetothyriales), we developed transformation protocols and deleted genes responsible for production of the protective pigments melanins and carotenoids. To confirm that the mutant phenotypes were not due to hidden mutations, melanin synthesis was restored by complementing the mutants with the respective wild type genes. Strains of K. petricola carrying gene variants for fluorescent proteins EGFP and DsRed are available. We successfully labelled the cytoplasm, nuclei, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Targeted and ectopic integrations result in stable transformants suitable for further phenotypical characterization. As K. petricola is a non-pathogenic fungus with all characteristic features of MCF, including meristematic growth, melanized cell-walls, extracellular polymeric substances and extensive pigment production, our results will shed light on protective role of pigments during cell wall maturation and oxidative stress defence in rock-inhabiting MCF. Genes involved in environmental sensing or substrate and phototroph interactions are currently targeted. With the help of a mutant collection and fluorescently labelled K. petricola we will be able to investigate interactions of MCF with environmental stressors, mineral substrates, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts.
Die P-Rückgewinnung aus Teilströmen mit erhöhten P-Gehalten kann direkt in den Kläranlagenbetrieb integriert werden und führt dort in vielen Fällen zu betrieblichen und ökonomischen Vorteilen. Sie ist in der Regel auf Bio-P-Kläranlagen beschränkt, da hier die anaerobe P-Rücklösung initiiert und genutzt werden kann. Durch die reine P-Rücklösung durch Schaffung anaerober Bedingungen ist allerdings das Potential der Rückgewinnung auf 5 bis 15 Prozent der Zulauffracht limitiert.
Die meisten Kläranlagen in Deutschland werden mit einer chemischen Phosphor-Fällung betrieben. Diese Anlagen können aus dem Klärschlamm Phosphat in ausreichend hoher Konzentration nur zurückgewinnen, indem zusätzlich anorganische Säuren wie Schwefelsäure zugeführt werden oder ein Aufschluss mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid stattfindet. Es wird angenommen, dass sich mit diesen Verfahren mehr als 50 Prozent der Zulauffracht einer Kläranlage zurückgewinnen lassen. Der Aufschluss von Klärschlamm mit Schwefelsäure geht aber mit vergleichsweise hohen Umweltwirkungen sowie mit höheren Kosten im Vergleich zu anderen Phosphor-Rückgewinnungsverfahren einher. Ein sehr hohes Potential der Rückgewinnung von Phosphor (P) ist bei allen Verfahren gegeben, die als Rohstoff die Asche aus der Monoverbrennung verwerten. Der Aufschluss mit anorganischen Säuren ermöglicht die sichere Phosphor-Rückgewinnung von mehr als 80% Prozent des Kläranlagenzulaufs. Die Verfahren sind zum Teil großtechnisch umgesetzt oder es befinden sich großtechnische Anlagen im Bau. Auch thermochemische Verfahren wurden entwickelt und deren Einsatzbereitschaft im großtechnischen Maßstab erfolgreich demonstriert. In dem nachfolgenden Beitrag werden unterschiedliche praxiserprobte Verfahren zur Phosphor-Rückgewinnung unter technischen und wirtschaftlichen Aspekten vorgestellt.
Conventional fertilisers have their disadvantages as nutrient release is not synchronised with the demand of plants. Several approaches of "next generation fertilisers" are aiming at controlled nutrient release. Recycling fertilisers are often not soluble in water but fully plant available. They are suitable raw materials for the production of new types of controlled release fertilisers.
Carbonfasern sind äußerst stabil und werden auch in Anlagen zur Verbrennung von Sondermüll kaum zerstört. Beim Handling carbonfaserhaltiger Abfälle können Gesundheitsrisken auftreten (Abgabe von WHO-Fasern). Es werden Methoden der Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Reststoffe in der Pyrometallurgie diskutiert.
The project ProMoAM is presented. The goal of the project is to evaluate which NDT techniques or combination of techniques is suited for in-situ quality assurance in additive manufacturing of metals. To this end, also 3d-data fusion and visualization techniques are applied. Additional ex-situ NDT-techniques are used as references for defect detection and quantification. Feasability studies for NDT-techniques that are presently not applicable for in-situ use are performed as well.
The presentation gives a brief overview of the whole project and the different involved NDT-techniques.
Microbial modelling of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (ME) using iron
(2019)
Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (MA) are commonly found in the oil and gas environments. The formation of hydrogen sulfide (HS-) is particularly concerning for the petroleum industry due to its corrosiveness. However, the activities of SRB are limited to the concentration of sulfate present in the environment, whereas methanogens can utilize substrates such as H¬2 for methanogenesis. MA is commonly found in sulfate-free environments, such as deep sediments, and are known to form interspecies electron transfer relationships with SRB. Recently, SRB and MA capable of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) by using elemental iron as a direct electron source (EMIC) have gained increased attention. On the iron surface, EMIC-SRB can outcompete EMIC-MA in the presence of sulfate, but this changes as sulfate depletes. The formation of FeS on the metal surface can be further utilized by MA for methanogenesis as it provides a conductive path. However, the possible kinetics involved of the overall process are currently unknown.
We obtained a co-culture of EMIC-SRB and EMIC-MA to investigate the growth rates and electrical potential changes under different environmental conditions, including changes in pH, temperature and salinity. Results indicate that under neutral conditions and using iron as the sole substrate, methane production (up to 5 mM) starts after sulfate was depleted. Electrochemical measurements will be conducted on the co-culture under different conditions to determine the changes in the electrical potential in correlation with the sulfate and methane concentration. Fluorescence and electron microscope images of the biofilm structure will be used to visualize cell distribution and morphology. This study embarks the first step of understanding the relationship between EMIC-SRB and EMIC-MA. Such knowledge is important for the field of microbial electrophysiology and can be further explored for industrial applications.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion is a multidisciplinary research area. To develop successful mitigation strategies, expertise from the industry and research institutes are essential. In Department 4.1, we developed an innovative laboratory flow model (Hi-Tension) that allows effective monitoring of MIC under both standard and non-standard conditions. The flow model allows flexibility with material selection, flow rates, temperature and other environmental parameters changes. Furthermore, the flow model allows integration of electrochemical measurements using microsensors, providing a comprehensive view of corrosion at the biofilm level. Currently, initial results indicate corrosion in the flow model is significantly higher than that of standard laboratory set ups, i.e. static incubations, particularly for methane-producing microorganisms.
Biocide mitigation strategies of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in the oil and gas industry have been primarily used to eliminate the growths of sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM). However, methanogenic Archaea (MA) can also be highly corrosive by using iron as an electron source for methanogenesis. Because of the fundamental physiological differences between archaea and bacteria, responses of MA towards SRM-specific biocides cannot be deduced using SRM. Due to the lack of information available on the effect of biocides on corrosive MA, we selected THPS, glutaraldehyde, nitrate and perchlorate to compare against corrosive SRM.
Preliminary results showed that at low concentrations of THPS (0-10 ppm), growth of MA was not affected, methane production and corrosion rates (0.1 mm/yr) were comparable between the different THPS concentrations. On the contrary, the SRM strain showed decreased corrosion rates (0.18 mm/yr to 0.03 mm/yr) with increasing THPS concentrations. Further corrosion tests including electrochemical measurements of different biocides on the growth of MA and SRM will be conducted. Such knowledge not only provide important insights on the physiological response of MA to biocides but also contribute to more effective mitigation strategies that can be both economic and environmentally beneficial.
Flow-back and produced waters from shale gas and shale oil fields contain high ammonium, which can be formed by methanogenic degradation of methylamines into methane and ammonium. Methylamines are added to fracturing fluid to prevent clay swelling or can originate from metabolism of the osmolyte triglycinebetaine (GB).
We analyzed field samples from a shale gas reservoir in the Duvernay Formation and from a shale oil reservoir in the Bakken formation in Canada to determine the origin of high ammonium. Fresh waters used to make fracturing fluid, early flow-back waters, and late flow back waters from the shale gas reservoir had increasing salinity of 0.01, 0.58, and 2.66 Meq of NaCl, respectively. Microbial community analyses reflected this fresh water to saline transition with halophilic taxa including Halomonas, Halanaerobium, and Methanohalophilus being increasingly present. Early and late flow-back waters had high ammonium concentrations of 32 and 15 mM, respectively.
Such high concentrations had also been found in the Bakken produced waters.
Enrichment cultures of Bakken produced waters in medium containing mono, di-, or trimethylamine, or triglycinebetaine (GB) converted these substrates into ammonium (up to 20 mM) and methane. The methylotrophic methanogen Methanohalophilus, which uses methylamines for its energy metabolism and uses GB as an osmolyte, was a dominant community member in these enrichments. Halanaerobium was also a dominant community member that metabolizes GB into trimethylamine, which is then metabolized further by Methanohalophilus. However, the micromolar concentrations of GB measured in shale reservoirs make them an unlikely source for the 1,000-fold higher ammonium concentrations in flow-back waters. This ammonium either originates directly from the reservoir or is formed from methylamines, which originate from the reservoir, or are added during the hydraulic fracturing process. These methylamines are then converted into ammonium and methane by halophilic methylotrophic methanogens, such as Methanohalophilus, present in flow-back waters.