4 Material und Umwelt
-
4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere
(128)
-
4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen
(271)
-
4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen
(172)
-
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
(245)
-
4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung
(186)
-
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
(162)
-
4.6 Molekulare und angewandte Entomologie
(15)
Filtern
Autor*in
- Adam, Christian (35)
- Simon, Franz-Georg (30)
- Vogel, Christian (22)
- McMahon, Dino Peter (21)
- Gorbushina, Anna (20)
- Kalbe, Ute (16)
- Kunte, Hans-Jörg (16)
- Schreiber, Frank (16)
- Plarre, Rüdiger (13)
- Seeger, Stefan (12)
- Herzel, Hannes (11)
- Schoknecht, Ute (11)
- Schwibbert, Karin (10)
- Feldmann, Ines (9)
- Hahn, Oliver (9)
- Richter, Matthias (9)
- Roesch, Philipp (9)
- Koerdt, Andrea (8)
- Stephan, Ina (8)
- Rabin, Ira (7)
- Schumacher, Julia (7)
- Wilke, Olaf (7)
- Emmerling, Franziska (6)
- Gerrits, Ruben (6)
- Huthwelker, T. (6)
- Scholz, Philipp (6)
- Steger, Simon (6)
- Adamczyk, Burkart (5)
- Bretz, S. (5)
- Even, Morgane (5)
- Gartiser, S. (5)
- Horn, Wolfgang (5)
- Jann, Oliver (5)
- Juritsch, Elevtheria (5)
- Nordholt, Niclas (5)
- Pfeiffer, F. (5)
- Schneider, Beate (5)
- Steckenmesser, D. (5)
- Abis, M. (4)
- Bandow, Nicole (4)
- Becker, Roland (4)
- Boy, J. (4)
- Bruno, M. (4)
- Dippold, M. A. (4)
- Fiore, S. (4)
- Grönholm, R. (4)
- Heisterkamp, I. (4)
- Hoppe, M. (4)
- Ilvonen, O. (4)
- Knabe, Nicole (4)
- Krüger, O. (4)
- Kuzyakov, Y. (4)
- Nájera, F. (4)
- Resch-Genger, Ute (4)
- Rolff, J. (4)
- Schraut, Katharina (4)
- Smol, M. (4)
- Sobotnik, J. (4)
- Sommerfeld, Thomas (4)
- Spielvogel, S. (4)
- Stege, H. (4)
- Stock, S. C. (4)
- Unger, Wolfgang (4)
- Wittwer, Philipp (4)
- Algermissen, D. (3)
- Bandow, N. (3)
- Barjenbruch, M. (3)
- Blasenbauer, D. (3)
- Bonse, Jörn (3)
- Borca, C. (3)
- Breitenbach, Romy (3)
- Chubarenko, B. (3)
- Dyall-Smith, M. (3)
- Esiukova, E. (3)
- Fellner, J. (3)
- Günster, Jens (3)
- He, S. (3)
- He, Shulin (3)
- Hobmeier, K. (3)
- Huber, F. (3)
- Hyks, J. (3)
- Ibrahim, B. (3)
- Johnston, P. R. (3)
- Karafiludis, Stephanos (3)
- Kjaervik, Marit (3)
- Koch, Matthias (3)
- Koester, M. (3)
- Kremling, A. (3)
- Kuchta, K. (3)
- Kugler, Stefan (3)
- Kuropka, B. (3)
- Luch, A. (3)
- Marz, M. (3)
- Matus, F. (3)
- Meermann, Björn (3)
- Meng, Birgit (3)
- Merino, C. (3)
- Nehring, Grzegorz (3)
- Ostermann, Markus (3)
- Pflüger-Grau, K. (3)
- Piechotta, Christian (3)
- Pietsch, Franziska (3)
- Pokharel, R. (3)
- Radnik, Jörg (3)
- Sekine, R. (3)
- Sichler, Theresa Constanze (3)
- Simon, Sebastian (3)
- Stawski, Tomasz (3)
- Steffens, D. (3)
- Syc, M. (3)
- Tang, Chi-Long (3)
- von Blanckenburg, F. (3)
- von Werder, Julia (3)
- Abdallah, Khaled (2)
- Ackermann, M. (2)
- Ahrens, C. (2)
- Al-Sabbagh, Dominik (2)
- Alfaro Espinoza, Gabriela (2)
- An, Biwen Annie (2)
- An-Stepec, B. A. (2)
- Banasiak, Robert (2)
- Beckhoff, B. (2)
- Beer, M. (2)
- Bogush, A. (2)
- Bontempi, E. (2)
- Borho, N. (2)
- Borzekowski, Antje (2)
- Bourguignon, T. (2)
- Braga, R. (2)
- Bresch, Harald (2)
- Brinkrolf, K. (2)
- Brozowski, F. (2)
- Caliebe, W. (2)
- Castillo-Michel, H. (2)
- Cataldo, V. A. (2)
- Coleine, C. (2)
- Cossmer, Antje (2)
- Dimke, Thomas (2)
- Dombinov, V. (2)
- Donskyi, Ievgen (2)
- Drissen, P. (2)
- Druzhinina, I. (2)
- Emri, T. (2)
- Erdmann, Eileen (2)
- Evans, J. D. (2)
- Funari, V. (2)
- Félix, R. (2)
- Gaie-Levrel, F. (2)
- Gehrenkemper, Lennart (2)
- Geiger, G. (2)
- Gentzmann, Marie (2)
- Ghigo, Tea (2)
- Gottschalk, Martin (2)
- Grigoriev, I. V. (2)
- Gross, A. (2)
- Guterman, R. (2)
- Haag, R. (2)
- Hamann, Christopher (2)
- Happel, O. (2)
- Hiller, A. (2)
- Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan (2)
- Hoffmann, Marie (2)
- Huang, J. (2)
- Huang, Yanliang (2)
- Hufsky, F. (2)
- Hutzler, C. (2)
- Hübert, Thomas (2)
- Jablonowski, N. D. (2)
- Jiang, Shixiong (2)
- Kaufmann, D. E. (2)
- Kayser, Y. (2)
- Kemnitz, E. (2)
- Keshmiri, Hamid (2)
- Kileso, A. (2)
- Kleinbub, Sherin (2)
- Kluge, Stephanie (2)
- Kretzschmar, M. (2)
- Krutzsch, M. (2)
- Krüger, Jörg (2)
- Kunec, D. (2)
- Lavik, G. (2)
- Le Mercier, P. (2)
- Lederer, J. (2)
- Lisec, Jan (2)
- Liu, Xiangju (2)
- Maisels, A. (2)
- Manninger, Tanja (2)
- Marin-Sanguino, A. (2)
- Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria (2)
- Meiller, M. (2)
- Melcher, E. (2)
- Meyer, Klas (2)
- Meyer, Susann (2)
- Montag, D. (2)
- Müller, F. (2)
- Müller, U. (2)
- Neuhold, S. (2)
- Nitsche, Sarah (2)
- Oesterle, D. (2)
- Osan, J. (2)
- Osterrieder, N. (2)
- Palmarini, M. (2)
- Pavinato, P.S. (2)
- Pfeifer, Jens (2)
- Pienkoß, Fabian (2)
- Plehn, W. (2)
- Pomberger, R. (2)
- Pradas del Real, A. (2)
- Presoly, P. (2)
- Quina, M. (2)
- Radek, R. (2)
- Raith, J. G. (2)
- Raniro, H.R. (2)
- Redfern, J. (2)
- Ren, Q. (2)
- Richter, Anja (2)
- Rivard, C. (2)
- Rodríguez-Rojas, A. (2)
- Rohn, S. (2)
- Rühle, Bastian (2)
- Sauer, Andreas (2)
- Schenk, J. (2)
- Schmidt, Selina (2)
- Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (2)
- Schrey, S. D. (2)
- Schulze-Makuch, D. (2)
- Schwabe, M. (2)
- Sedlazeck, K. P. (2)
- Selbmann, L. (2)
- Sieksmeyer, T. (2)
- Simon, Fabian (2)
- Skovhus, T. L. (2)
- Stabile, L. (2)
- Stolle, Dirk (2)
- Sturm, Heinz (2)
- Söftje, M. (2)
- Tauber, J. P. (2)
- Thiel, V. (2)
- Trimpert, J. (2)
- Valentin, J. (2)
- Verran, J. (2)
- Vilcinskas, A. (2)
- Vogel, H. (2)
- Voigt, Oliver (2)
- Vollpracht, A. (2)
- Vollprecht, D. (2)
- Wachtendorf, Volker (2)
- Wagner, D. (2)
- Wang, D. (2)
- Wang, X. (2)
- Wang, Z. (2)
- Webb, J. (2)
- Weiler, L. (2)
- Weimann, Karin (2)
- Weingart, Eric (2)
- Weise, C. (2)
- Willbold, S. (2)
- Wittmar, J. (2)
- Wurzbacher, C. (2)
- Wöhlecke, Andreas (2)
- Xu, Yong (2)
- Zang, J. W. (2)
- Zerbst, Uwe (2)
- Zuin, L. (2)
- da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. (2)
- de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana (2)
- van der Mei, H. (2)
- von der Au, Marcus (2)
- Abarenkov, K. (1)
- Abdallah, K. (1)
- Abu Bakar, F. D. (1)
- Acker, S. (1)
- Adams, R. I. (1)
- Adele Monteiro, R. (1)
- Adeli, M. (1)
- Aegerter, C. C. (1)
- Aguirre, J. (1)
- Ahlawat, A. (1)
- Ahmerkamp, S. (1)
- Ahonen, M. (1)
- Ahrens, Christian H. (1)
- Aitken, M. D. (1)
- Akama, P. D. (1)
- Albarrán Martínez, M. J. (1)
- Alberton, D. (1)
- Alder-Rangel, A. (1)
- Allan, R. (1)
- Altenburg, Simon (1)
- Altenried, Stefanie (1)
- An Stepec, Biwen Annie (1)
- An-Stepec, Biwen Annie (1)
- Andeweg, A.C. (1)
- Andresen, Elina (1)
- Anggriawan, R. (1)
- Antonietti, M. (1)
- Appel, Lisa-Marie (1)
- Arens, F. L. (1)
- Arima, Takahiko (1)
- Arkhipova, K. (1)
- Armin, F. (1)
- Armitage, S. AO (1)
- Askew, P. (1)
- Askew, P. D. (1)
- Astrup, T. F. (1)
- Auderset, K. (1)
- Auer, G. (1)
- Auer, Gerhard (1)
- Auliyati, M. (1)
- Aumont, Cedric (1)
- Aydin, Zeynep (1)
- Bachmann, Kai (1)
- Bakar, M. F. A. (1)
- Bald, Ilko (1)
- Baldan, A. (1)
- Bally, P. (1)
- Banasiak, Ronald (1)
- Baque, M. (1)
- Baradaran Ghavami, S. (1)
- Baran, R. (1)
- Barbosa-Silva, A. (1)
- Barda, I. (1)
- Barry, J. (1)
- Bartholomäus, A. (1)
- Baschien, C. (1)
- Basso, T. (1)
- Bastuck, M. (1)
- Bauer, F. (1)
- Baur, T. (1)
- Beckles, D. (1)
- Beiping, L. (1)
- Bell-Pedersen, D. (1)
- Benemann, Sigrid (1)
- Bengtsson-Palme, J. (1)
- Benisek, A. (1)
- Benkő, Z. (1)
- Benning, L.G. (1)
- Berensmeier, S. (1)
- Beránková, T. (1)
- Bester, K. (1)
- Bettge, Dirk (1)
- Beyer, Sebastian (1)
- Bhattacharya, Biswajit (1)
- Biedermann, P. H. W. (1)
- Bien, T. (1)
- Bienert, Ralf (1)
- Biganzoli, L. (1)
- Blanc-Biscarat, D. (1)
- Blaskovich, M. (1)
- Blocki, A. (1)
- Blondeau, J. (1)
- Boga, H I (1)
- Bollmann, U.E. (1)
- Bollmus, S. (1)
- Bonnerot, Olivier (1)
- Bonneville, S. (1)
- Bornemann, T. L. V. (1)
- Bourne, E. C. (1)
- Braga, G. (1)
- Bramke, K. (1)
- Branca, T. A. (1)
- Brancini, G. (1)
- Brand, A. (1)
- Brand, I. (1)
- Brand, Izabella (1)
- Brandt, S. (1)
- Braun, Ulrike (1)
- Braus, G. (1)
- Bretz, Simone (1)
- Brischke, C. (1)
- Brondi, C. (1)
- Broughton, William (1)
- Broughton, William John (1)
- Brown, A. (1)
- Bruel, C. (1)
- Bruggeman, F. J. (1)
- Brune, A (1)
- Bruno, Giovanni (1)
- Brusamarello-Santos, L. C. C. (1)
- Brödner, Doris (1)
- Brüll, Robert (1)
- Bubenickova, F. (1)
- Bucar, K. (1)
- Bucek, A. (1)
- Buchberger, G. (1)
- Buchert, M. (1)
- Buellesbach, J. (1)
- Buellesbach, Jan (1)
- Bugsel, B. (1)
- Buhmann, M. (1)
- Burkhardt, M. (1)
- Busweiler, Sabine (1)
- Buzi, P. (1)
- Böhm, A. (1)
- Böhm, L. (1)
- Böhning, Martin (1)
- Bücker, Michael (1)
- Cacocciola, N. (1)
- Cai, Z. (1)
- Camilios-Neto, D. (1)
- Campos, C. (1)
- Camps Paradell, G. (1)
- Cangren, P. (1)
- Cantone, M. (1)
- Capitain, C. (1)
- Castañeda Ocampo, O. (1)
- Chacón, Luz (1)
- Chadwick, O. (1)
- Chandat, L. (1)
- Che, Y. (1)
- Cheng, C. (1)
- Cheng, H. H. (1)
- Chimenos, J. (1)
- Choquer, M. (1)
- Christophe, Lucas (1)
- Cikes, Domagoj (1)
- Cirilli, F. (1)
- Cocchi, C. (1)
- Cocuzza, M. (1)
- Colla, V. (1)
- Colson, B. (1)
- Corbella, M. (1)
- Cordero, R. (1)
- Corrochano, L. (1)
- Cosemans, P. (1)
- Costa, G. (1)
- Covre, R. (1)
- Cros, A. (1)
- Cuellar-Camacho, J. L. (1)
- Cunliffe, A. J. (1)
- Czömpöly, O. (1)
- Dachs, E. (1)
- Dadachova, E. (1)
- Dagondon, Sheila L. (1)
- Dahlbo, H. (1)
- Dahlsjo, C. A. L. (1)
- Dahlsjo, J. (1)
- Daniel, H.-M. (1)
- Daniel, R (1)
- Danielewski, A. (1)
- Daum, Werner (1)
- Davis, H. E. (1)
- Davis, Hannah (1)
- De Marco, Roland (1)
- De Maria, A. (1)
- Dechesne, Arnaud (1)
- Dehkohneh, Abolfazl (1)
- Dehn, F. (1)
- Deland, Eric (1)
- Dementyeva, Polina (1)
- Deng, L. (1)
- Dierschel, K. (1)
- Dieryckx, C. (1)
- Dietrich, C (1)
- Dietrich, P. (1)
- Dietrich, P. M (1)
- Dietrich, P.M. (1)
- Dietz, Georg (1)
- Dijksterhuis, J. (1)
- Ding, L. (1)
- Dittrich, Maria (1)
- Domnin, D. (1)
- Donati, C. (1)
- Dong, C. (1)
- Doolette, A. (1)
- Dopffel, N. (1)
- Dorgerloh, Ute (1)
- Dornack, C. (1)
- Dreisewerd, K. (1)
- Drescher, P. (1)
- Drewitz, T. (1)
- Duarte-Ruiz, D. (1)
- Duchoslav, J. (1)
- Dupuy, J.W. (1)
- Dutilh, B.E. (1)
- Eckert, R. (1)
- Eggert, G. (1)
- Ehm, J.H. (1)
- Eickhoff, H. (1)
- Einspanier, R. (1)
- Elimport, A. (1)
- Elsayad, K. (1)
- Elsayad, Kareem (1)
- Enault, F. (1)
- Epperlein, N. (1)
- Erdmann, Maren (1)
- Eschke, K. (1)
- Escrig, S. (1)
- Esparza Mora, Margy Alejandra. (1)
- Esparza- Mora, M. A. (1)
- Esparza-Mora, M. A. (1)
- Esparza-Mora, M. Alejandra (1)
- Ettinger, C. L. (1)
- Evans, Alexander (1)
- Fagerqvist, J. (1)
- Falkenhagen, Jana (1)
- Falsafi, M. (1)
- Faoro, H. (1)
- Faraci, E. L. (1)
- Favero-Longo, S. E. (1)
- Feldewert, C (1)
- Felix, R. (1)
- Feng, Linshan (1)
- Fenzl, T. (1)
- Fernandez, D. (1)
- Fiebig, M. (1)
- Fink, Friedrich (1)
- Finkel, M. (1)
- Fischer, E. (1)
- Fischer, M. (1)
- Fischer, R. (1)
- Flury, M. (1)
- Foglio, G. (1)
- Franziska, Pietsch (1)
- Fredriksson, F. (1)
- Frenzel, L. (1)
- Frings, P. J. (1)
- Frittella, P. (1)
- Froesler, J. (1)
- Frossard, E. (1)
- Funk, Alexander (1)
- Funke, E. (1)
- Fürhapper, C. (1)
- Gadd, G. (1)
- Gawlitza, Kornelia (1)
- Ge, Y. (1)
- Gebhardt, Christopher (1)
- Geburtig, Anja (1)
- Geist, I. (1)
- Genersch, E. (1)
- Genger, C. (1)
- Gentzmann, Marie C. (1)
- Gerhardt, M. (1)
- Ghigo, T. (1)
- Gieg, L. (1)
- Giel, R. (1)
- Girard, Solène (1)
- Giro-Paloma, J. (1)
- Gjikaj, M. (1)
- Gladfelter, A. S. (1)
- Glassman, S. I. (1)
- Gleske, Melanie (1)
- Gloßmann, A. (1)
- Goddard, S. (1)
- Godoy, R. (1)
- Goesmann, A. (1)
- Golian, M. (1)
- Golian, Marek (1)
- Golle, U. (1)
- González-Tortuero, E. (1)
- Gordon, Nehemia (1)
- Goëss, M. C. (1)
- Graf, J. (1)
- Grathwohl, P. (1)
- Grevel, K.-D. (1)
- Griep, S. (1)
- Groenke, N. (1)
- Grosso, M. (1)
- Grube, M. (1)
- Gruber, A. (1)
- Grzegorz, Nehring (1)
- Gschwendtner, M. (1)
- Gugin, Nikita (1)
- Gunde-Cimerman, N. (1)
- Gunschera, J. (1)
- Guzzon, M. (1)
- Gäbler, H.-E. (1)
- Gäde, G. (1)
- Haag, Rainer (1)
- Hage, J. (1)
- Hahn, Marc Benjamin (1)
- Hallsworth, J. (1)
- Haque, S. (1)
- Harir, M. (1)
- Harrison, M. C. (1)
- Haustein, T. (1)
- Haustein, V. (1)
- He, G. (1)
- He, Zhiming (1)
- Hearn, C. J. (1)
- Hecht, Lutz (1)
- Heckel, Thomas (1)
- Heeger, Felix (1)
- Heffernan, A. (1)
- Heidrich, Gabriele (1)
- Heikens, D. (1)
- Heinz, J. (1)
- Heitz, J. (1)
- Helfenstein, J. (1)
- Hengge, R. (1)
- Hensel, Jonas (1)
- Herbig, B. (1)
- Herbst, S. (1)
- Hermann, P. (1)
- Hertwig, Andreas (1)
- Hervé, V (1)
- Heyde, B. (1)
- Hilbig, H. (1)
- Hilgenberg, Kai (1)
- Hill, R. (1)
- Hirooka, H. (1)
- Hirsch, Tamino (1)
- Hjelmar, O. (1)
- Ho Wong, K. (1)
- Hodges, J. (1)
- Hodgkinson, I. (1)
- Hodjat Shamami, Parya (1)
- Hoehl, A. (1)
- Hoffmann, Marie C. (1)
- Hofmann, Michael (1)
- Holmes, E.C. (1)
- Holtappels, M. (1)
- Holzer, F. (1)
- Horender, S. (1)
- Horn, M. (1)
- Hornig, U. (1)
- Hoskova, K. (1)
- Hoyer, C. (1)
- Huang, Y. (1)
- Hwang, Y. (1)
- Hweidi, Gada (1)
- Höfler, T. (1)
- Höhlig, B. (1)
- Hönicke, P. (1)
- Idnurm, A. (1)
- Igarashi, Toshifumi (1)
- Inkinen, J. (1)
- Iredale, G. (1)
- Irinyi, L. (1)
- Iršėnaitė, R. (1)
- Isa, M. N. M. (1)
- Ito, Mayumi (1)
- Ivashko, O. (1)
- Ivask, A. (1)
- Jacobi, T. (1)
- James, G. L. (1)
- Jenssen, H. (1)
- Ji, Y. (1)
- Jiang, S. (1)
- Jiang, T. (1)
- Jose, Mark Anthony (1)
- Jovičević-Klug, Matic (1)
- Julseth, M. J. (1)
- Jung, Christian (1)
- Jörres, R. A. (1)
- Kahru, A. (1)
- Kaiser, S. (1)
- Kalbermatter, D. M. (1)
- Kalus, Sabine (1)
- Kammel, A. (1)
- Kanaris, Orestis (1)
- Kargl, F. (1)
- Karlovsky, P. (1)
- Karmanov, K. (1)
- Karrasch, S. (1)
- Karányi, Z. A. (1)
- Kaufmann, Felix E.D. (1)
- Kautetzky, D. (1)
- Kazemifard, N. (1)
- Keaney, J. (1)
- Keller, Julia (1)
- Kelliher, C. (1)
- Ketelsen, T. (1)
- Kipphardt, Heinrich (1)
- Klinge, A. (1)
- Klose, H. (1)
- Klutzny, Kerstin (1)
- Klysubun, W. (1)
- Knappe, D. (1)
- Knisz, J. (1)
- Kochovski, Z. (1)
- Kochovski, Zdravko (1)
- Kocsis, B. (1)
- Koonin, E.V. (1)
- Kounaves, S. P. (1)
- Kranzmann, Axel (1)
- Kratz, S. (1)
- Krause, K. (1)
- Krejcirova, R. (1)
- Krekel, C. (1)
- Kretzschmar, R. (1)
- Krizkova, B. (1)
- Kromer, C. (1)
- Kubressoian, T. (1)
- Kuchenbecker, Petra (1)
- Kunat, M. (1)
- Kupczok, A. (1)
- Kupiec, M. (1)
- Kuypers, M. M. M. (1)
- Kuypers, M.M.M. (1)
- Kästle Silva, J O (1)
- Kästner, B. (1)
- Kõljalg, U. (1)
- Köhler-Ramm, T (1)
- Köster, M. (1)
- Lang, K (1)
- Langner, Jeanette (1)
- Larsson, Joakim (1)
- Lasota, S. (1)
- Lassalle-Kaiser, B. (1)
- Latif, M. T. (1)
- Latorse, M.-P. (1)
- Laux, P. (1)
- Lee, J. (1)
- Lehnik-Habrink, Petra (1)
- Leitsin, V. (1)
- Lemare, M. (1)
- Lemey, P. (1)
- Leuschner, C. (1)
- Levandowski, G. V. (1)
- Levin, D. (1)
- Li, Jianzheng (1)
- Li, M. (1)
- Li, Y. (1)
- Liaskos, C. (1)
- Liepina-Leimane, I. (1)
- Lindemann, Franziska (1)
- Linnemann, V. (1)
- Lippitz, Andreas (1)
- Lipus, D. (1)
- Lipzen, A. (1)
- Liu, Y. (1)
- Lo, N. (1)
- Lohmann, D. (1)
- Loisel, E. (1)
- Lokatis, S. (1)
- Lombi, E. (1)
- Loose, Florian (1)
- Lopes, K. d. P. (1)
- Lord, H. (1)
- Lupsea-Toader, M. (1)
- Lymperopoulou, T. (1)
- Löhmann, Oliver (1)
- Machado Ferreira de Araujo, F. (1)
- Machado de Sousa, D. (1)
- Maierhofer, Christiane (1)
- Majzlan, J. (1)
- Malet, J. (1)
- Maletz, R. (1)
- Malfa, E. (1)
- Mallow, O. (1)
- Maltomini, F. (1)
- Malysheva, N. (1)
- Mancinelli, R. (1)
- Mangelsdorf, K. (1)
- Manua, Al James A. (1)
- Maragh, J. (1)
- Marasso, S. L. (1)
- Marchant, H. K. (1)
- Marco, H. G. (1)
- Maresca, A. (1)
- Marin Sanguino, A. (1)
- Masaguer, V. (1)
- Masic, A. (1)
- Massey, M. (1)
- Mathies, H. (1)
- Mathies, Helena (1)
- Matino, I. (1)
- Matus, F.J. (1)
- Mauch, Tatjana (1)
- Maul, R. (1)
- Maul, Ronald (1)
- Maulas, Kryzzyl M. (1)
- Mayer, R. (1)
- Mazumdar, Tilomatta (1)
- Mazumdar, Tilottama (1)
- McHardy, A.C. (1)
- McMahon, Dino (1)
- Meckenstock, R. U. (1)
- Meconcelli, S. (1)
- Meconcelli, Stefania (1)
- Meibom, A. (1)
- Melzer, C. (1)
- Meng, P. (1)
- Menzel, F. (1)
- Menzel, Friederike (1)
- Metillo, Ephrime B. (1)
- Meunier, J. (1)
- Mey, G. (1)
- Meyer, W. (1)
- Miambi, E (1)
- Miao, H. (1)
- Mies, U S (1)
- Miklós, I. (1)
- Mikulski, L (1)
- Mills, M. (1)
- Mishra, Biswajit (1)
- Miskei, M. (1)
- Molin, M. (1)
- Momany, M. (1)
- Monaghan, M. T. (1)
- Montes-Hernández, German (1)
- Mora, M. A. E. (1)
- Moreno, M. (1)
- Morgant, G. (1)
- Morillon, A. (1)
- Mrkwitschka, Paul (1)
- Mueller, Axel (1)
- Mufalo, Walubita (1)
- Muggia, L. (1)
- Mull, B. (1)
- Munoz, K. (1)
- Munzke, N. (1)
- Murad, A. M. (1)
- Murzin, V. (1)
- Muskolus, A. (1)
- Mussmann, M. (1)
- Müller, B. (1)
- Müller, Werner W. (1)
- Müller, Werner Wolfgang (1)
- Namysko, J. C. (1)
- Namyslo, J. C. (1)
- Nascimento, M. (1)
- Ndungu, K. (1)
- Ng, V. (1)
- Ngugi, G K (1)
- Nguyen, Q. A. (1)
- Niebergall, Ute (1)
- Nikel, P. I. (1)
- Nilsson, R. H. (1)
- Nitsche, Michael (1)
- Nitschke, J. (1)
- Noack, J. (1)
- Noah, J O (1)
- Noll, M. (1)
- Northen, T. (1)
- Novak-Babič, M. (1)
- Nowak, D. (1)
- Nöller, Renate (1)
- O'Hara, Kate (1)
- O'Neill, A. J. (1)
- Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou, M. (1)
- Oh, S.-Y. (1)
- Ohle, Corina (1)
- Olbrich, Adelina-Elisa (1)
- Oliveira Pedrosa, F. (1)
- Opiso, Einstine M. (1)
- Oppermann, M. (1)
- Oprzeska-Zingrebe, E. A. (1)
- Orupõld, K. (1)
- Otto, W. (1)
- Overeem-Bos, E. (1)
- Overgaauw, E. (1)
- O’Caollai, C. (1)
- Pajak, T. (1)
- Palma-Onetto, V. (1)
- Panizza, A. (1)
- Pannekens, M. (1)
- Paredes, Charla S. (1)
- Park, Ilhwan (1)
- Pascon, R. (1)
- Paul, Andrea (1)
- Paulo, Carlos (1)
- Peaucelle, Alexis (1)
- Pennacchio, C. (1)
- Penninger, Josef (1)
- Peter, T. (1)
- Peters, K. (1)
- Petrasiunaite, V. (1)
- Petrašiūnaitė, Vesta (1)
- Pfeifer, Dietmar (1)
- Pfingsten, J. (1)
- Pflegerova, J. (1)
- Pfliegler, W. P. (1)
- Pfütze, C. (1)
- Phengsaart, Theerayut (1)
- Pickard, H. (1)
- Pickett, B.E. (1)
- Piehl, Patrick (1)
- Pimentel, Carlos (1)
- Pinchuk, V. (1)
- Pirri, C.F. (1)
- Platt, K (1)
- Pocsi, I. (1)
- Poehlein, A (1)
- Pollakowski-Herrmann, B. (1)
- Poorter, H. (1)
- Posada-Céspedes, S. (1)
- Possling, A. (1)
- Possolo, A. (1)
- Poussereau, N. (1)
- Pražnikar, J. (1)
- Prietzel, J. (1)
- Prigione, V. (1)
- Probst, A. J. (1)
- Protasov, E (1)
- Ptaszynska, A. A. (1)
- Purina, I. (1)
- Putna-Nimane, I. (1)
- Pòcsi, I. (1)
- Qi, Z. (1)
- Quincey, P. (1)
- Raabe, Dierk (1)
- Rabe, C. (1)
- Radek, Renate (1)
- Radeljic, L. (1)
- Radunz, S. (1)
- Radunz, Sebastian (1)
- Rafaluk-Mohr, C. (1)
- Ramstedt, M. (1)
- Rangel, D. (1)
- Rasch, Fabian (1)
- Rascle, C. (1)
- Rasmussen, K. (1)
- Ratte, M. (1)
- Rauscher, H. (1)
- Recknagel, Sebastian (1)
- Ren, Qun (1)
- Requena, N. (1)
- Rhoderick, G. (1)
- Richter, Anja M. (1)
- Riedel, Maren (1)
- Rieger, J. (1)
- Riquelme, M. (1)
- Robertson, D.L. (1)
- Rodriguez-Rojas, A. (1)
- Roggenbuck, D. (1)
- Rohlfs, M. (1)
- Rohr, M. (1)
- Roisin, Y. (1)
- Rojas-Jiménez, K. (1)
- Roland, U. (1)
- Roloff, Alexander (1)
- Rosner, M. (1)
- Rothhardt, Monika (1)
- Rundberget, J.T. (1)
- Rune Tschiche, Harald (1)
- Ruyle, B. (1)
- Ryabov, E.V. (1)
- Ryo, M. (1)
- Rödiger, S. (1)
- Röllig, Mathias (1)
- Saenz, J. S. (1)
- Samalova, Marketa (1)
- Sampaio, J. P. (1)
- Sanchez-Martin, Pedro (1)
- Sattari, S. (1)
- Sauerwald, T. (1)
- Sawal, G. (1)
- Saßnick, H.-D. (1)
- Scheich, Nina (1)
- Scheuermann, R.H. (1)
- Schiebel, J. (1)
- Schierack, P. (1)
- Schierl, R. (1)
- Schindler, Lukas (1)
- Schinnen, Andrea (1)
- Schirmack, J. (1)
- Schlaich, C. (1)
- Schlosser, D. (1)
- Schloter, M. (1)
- Schmelzle, S. (1)
- Schmidt, Alexandra (1)
- Schmidt, S. (1)
- Schmidtberg, H. (1)
- Schneider, Rudolf (1)
- Scholtz, Lena (1)
- Schott, J, (1)
- Schott, J. (1)
- Schreiber, A. (1)
- Schreiner, V. C. (1)
- Schuessler, J. (1)
- Schuessler, J. A. (1)
- Schuessler, J.A. (1)
- Schultes, L. (1)
- Schultes, P. (1)
- Schwaminger, S. (1)
- Schwerd, R. (1)
- Schwerdtle, T. (1)
- Schäfer, R. B. (1)
- Schönhuth, A. (1)
- Schürmann, Robin (1)
- Schütter, Jan David (1)
- Schütz, R. (1)
- Schütze, A. (1)
- Scoppola, Ernesto (1)
- Segata, N. (1)
- Sehr, C. (1)
- Seifert, K. A. (1)
- Seneschal-Merz, Karine (1)
- Serrano, Juan (1)
- Shelest, E. (1)
- Shi, M. (1)
- Sieling, T. (1)
- Sillam-Dusses, D. (1)
- Sillam-Dussès, D (1)
- Sillam-Dussès, D. (1)
- Silva, E. (1)
- Simmons, L. (1)
- Simmons, L. M. (1)
- Simon, A. (1)
- Simon, Fabian Michael (1)
- Simon, M. (1)
- Singh, Amit Kumar (1)
- Sinha, Om Prakash (1)
- Skipp, Paul (1)
- Sklenář, F. (1)
- Skov, S. N. (1)
- Skrotzki, Birgit (1)
- Slade, Dea (1)
- Smets, Barth (1)
- Smiatek, J. (1)
- Smiatek, Jens (1)
- Smith, C. A. (1)
- Smith, T. O.M. (1)
- Snaet, D. (1)
- Soares, T.de M. (1)
- Sobol, Oded (1)
- Sobotka, R. (1)
- Somerville, V. (1)
- Sommer, Konstantin (1)
- Soto, A. (1)
- Souibgui, E. (1)
- Souza Filho, Isnaldi R. (1)
- Souza, E. M. (1)
- Spanka, M. (1)
- Spitzer, Andrea (1)
- Springer, Andreas (1)
- Springer, Hauke (1)
- Srivastava, Priyanka (1)
- Stajich, J. E. (1)
- Stasinski, N. (1)
- Stege, Heike (1)
- Steger, S. (1)
- Steinbach, S. (1)
- Stemann, J. (1)
- Stephan, D. (1)
- Stephan, Dietmar (1)
- Sterflinger, K. (1)
- Stiblik, P. (1)
- Stifter, D. (1)
- Stohl, Leonie (1)
- Stosnach, H. (1)
- Straub, H. (1)
- Strode, E. (1)
- Strous, M. (1)
- Stubbe, D. (1)
- Stubbe, G. (1)
- Stumpp, C. (1)
- Suh, S.-O. (1)
- Summerbell, R. (1)
- Sunderland, E. (1)
- Sutter, J. (1)
- Svantesson, S. (1)
- Svecova, L. (1)
- Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar (1)
- Tamburini, F. (1)
- Tan, K. H. (1)
- Tang, Peng (1)
- Taube, Mareike (1)
- Tavasolyzadeh, Zeynab (1)
- Tavernaro, Isabella (1)
- Tayal, A. (1)
- Taylor, A. F. S. (1)
- Tegetmeyer, H. E. (1)
- Teles, A.P. (1)
- Tellaroli, M. (1)
- Terol, E. C. (1)
- Tesei, D. (1)
- Tettenhorst, D. (1)
- Thaler, C. (1)
- Thiele, Dorothea (1)
- Thiem, Julian N. (1)
- Thissen, A. (1)
- Tietje, O. (1)
- Toepel, J. (1)
- Toepel, Jörg (1)
- Tonon, C. (1)
- Topolniak, Ievgeniia (1)
- Tovpinets, A. (1)
- Trommler, U. (1)
- Trumbull, Robert B. (1)
- Tsakanika, L. (1)
- Tschiche, H.R. (1)
- Tuch, T. (1)
- Tucker, J. (1)
- Turci, F. (1)
- Uhl, J. (1)
- Uhlig, S. (1)
- Ulm, G. (1)
- Unterseher, M. (1)
- Urbanczyk, M.M. (1)
- Urbanek, Michal (1)
- Usmani, S. (1)
- Usmani, Shirin M. (1)
- Uvang, R. (1)
- Uy, Mylene M. (1)
- U’Ren, J. M. (1)
- Vaajasaari, K. (1)
- Valdameri, G. (1)
- Valentin, Jules D. P. (1)
- Valenzuela, B. (1)
- Van Buren, J. (1)
- Van Driessche, Alexander E.S. (1)
- Van den Wyngaert, S. (1)
- Vandrich, Jasmina (1)
- Varadarajan, A. (1)
- Varadarajan, Adithi R. (1)
- Varese, G. C. (1)
- Vasala, S. J. (1)
- Vasarevičius, S. (1)
- Vasilatou, K. (1)
- Veksler, Ilya V. (1)
- Vermeirssen, E. L. M. (1)
- Verna, A. (1)
- Vestergaard, G. (1)
- Viaud, M. (1)
- Vicente, V. A. (1)
- Vigna, L. (1)
- Villacorte-Tabelin, Mylah (1)
- Villajos Collado, José Antonio (1)
- Villalba, F. (1)
- Villas, Edrhea (1)
- Visagie, C. M. (1)
- Voraberger, B. (1)
- Voss, L. (1)
- Vázquez-Campos, X. (1)
- Völzke, Jule L. (1)
- Wade, S. A. (1)
- Walker, A. K. (1)
- Walker, G. (1)
- Waske, Anja (1)
- Wassem, R. (1)
- Weaver, J. (1)
- Webb, Jeremy S. (1)
- Wegner, R. (1)
- Weidner, Steffen (1)
- Weingartz, T. (1)
- Weise, Matthias (1)
- Weiss, M. (1)
- Weiss, R. (1)
- Welker, P. (1)
- Weller, Michael G. (1)
- Weninger, Wolfgang J. (1)
- West, J. (1)
- Westerman, D. (1)
- Wiedensohler, A. (1)
- Wielsch, N. (1)
- Wild, B. (1)
- Wilgig, Janka (1)
- Wilken, U. (1)
- Wilken, V. (1)
- Williams, K. (1)
- Winkelmeyer, I. (1)
- Wintermann, Carsten (1)
- Wirth, N. T. (1)
- Wirth, R. (1)
- Wittenzellner, J. (1)
- Wittwer, Phillip (1)
- Woudenberg, J. HC. (1)
- Wurzler, Nina (1)
- Wégner, K. (1)
- Würth, Christian (1)
- Xia, Y. (1)
- Xing, N. (1)
- Yang, Dan (1)
- Yao, J. (1)
- Yao, Jizheng (1)
- Yarden, O. (1)
- Yeung, L. (1)
- Yilmaz, N. (1)
- Yousef, K. P. (1)
- Yudushkin, Ivan (1)
- Yurkov, A. (1)
- Yusuf, N. Y. M. (1)
- Zaitsev, Vladimir (1)
- Zalar, P. (1)
- Zamorano, P. (1)
- Zhang, J. (1)
- Zhang, Q. (1)
- Zhang, Qichao (1)
- Zheng, C. (1)
- Zheng, M. (1)
- Zhernakova, A. (1)
- Zhu, Yong-Guan (1)
- Zibetti Tadra-Sfeir, M. (1)
- Zimathies, Annett (1)
- Zimmermann, M. (1)
- Zocca, Andrea (1)
- Zwart, M.P. (1)
- Zweigle, J. (1)
- Zwiener, C. (1)
- de Hoog, S. (1)
- de Krom, I. (1)
- de Rezende, J. (1)
- de Souza, E.M. (1)
- de Vallée, A. (1)
- de Vera, J. P. (1)
- di Cecca, C. (1)
- di Sante, L. (1)
- ten Elshof, J. E. (1)
- van Caneghem, J. (1)
- van Heerden, J. H. (1)
- van Zomeren, A. (1)
- van der Mei, Henny C. (1)
- von Kleist, M. (1)
- von Laar, C. (1)
- Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem (1)
- Šobotník, J (1)
- Žitnik, M. (1)
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (269) (entfernen)
Referierte Publikation
- ja (269) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Leaching (14)
- Biocides (10)
- Phosphorus (10)
- Sewage sludge (9)
- Bacteria (8)
- Antimicrobial resistance (6)
- Bottom ash (6)
- Circular economy (6)
- Construction products (6)
- Biofilm (5)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (269)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (77)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (58)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (50)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (46)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (35)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (29)
- 6 Materialchemie (28)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (19)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (12)
Paper des Monats
- ja (18)
Electron microscopy (EM) is the gold standard for the characterisation of the morphology (size and shape) of nanoparticles. Visual observation of objects under examination is always a necessary first step in the characterisation process. Several questions arise when undertaking to identify and count particles to measure their size and shape distribution. In addition to challenges with the dispersion and identification of the particles, more than one protocol for counting particles is in use. This paper focuses on precise rules for the counting of particles in EM micrographs, as this influences the measurement accuracy of the number of particles, thus implicitly affecting the size values of the counted particles. We review and compare four different, commonly used methods for counting, which we then apply in case studies. The impact of the selected counting rule on the obtained final particle size distribution is highlighted. One main aim of this analysis is to support the application of a specific, well-defined counting approach in accordance with regulatory
requirements to contribute to achieving more reliable and reproducible results. It is also useful for the new harmonised measurement procedures for determining the particle size and particle size distribution of nanomaterials.
Sieksmeyer, T. ; He, S. ; Esparza-Mora, M. A. ; Jiang, S. ; Petrasiunaite, V. ; Kuropka, B. ; Banasiak, Robert ; Julseth, M. J. ; Weise, C. ; Johnston, P. R. ; Rodriguez-Rojas, A. ; McMahon, Dino Peter
Background: Host–pathogen interactions can lead to dramatic changes in host feeding behaviour. One aspect of this includes self-medication, where infected individuals consume substances such as toxins or alter their macronutrient consumption to enhance immune competence. Another widely adopted animal response to infection is illness-induced anorexia, which is thought to assist host immunity directly or by limiting the nutritional resources available to pathogens. Here, we recorded macronutrient preferences of the global pest cockroach, Blatta orientalis to investigate how shifts in host macronutrient dietary preference and quantity of carbohydrate (C) and protein (P) interact with immunity following bacterial infection.
Results: We fnd that B. orientalis avoids diets enriched for P under normal conditions, and that high P diets reduce cockroach survival in the long term. However, following bacterial challenge, cockroaches signifcantly reduced their overall nutrient intake, particularly of carbohydrates, and increased the relative ratio of protein (P:C) consumed. Surprisingly, these behavioural shifts had a limited efect on cockroach immunity and survival, with minor changes to immune protein abundance and antimicrobial activity between individuals placed on diferent diets, regardless of infection status.
Conclusions: We show that cockroach feeding behaviour can be modulated by a pathogen, resulting in an illness-induced anorexia-like feeding response and a shift from a C-enriched to a more P:C equal diet. However, our results also indicate that such responses do not provide signifcant immune protection in B. orientalis, suggesting that the host’s dietary shift might also result from random rather than directed behaviour. The lack of an apparent beneft of the shift in feeding behaviour highlights a possible reduced importance of diet in immune regulation in these invasive animals, although further investigations employing pathogens with alternative infection strategies are warranted.
Breitenbach, Romy ; Gerrits, Ruben ; Dementyeva, Polina ; Knabe, Nicole ; Schumacher, Julia ; Feldmann, Ines ; Radnik, Jörg ; Ryo, M. ; Gorbushina, Anna
The roles extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play in mineral attachment and weathering were studied using genetically modified biofilms of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola strain A95. Mutants deficient in melanin and/or carotenoid synthesis were grown as air-exposed biofilms. Extracted EPS were quantified and characterised using a combination of analytical techniques. The absence of melanin affected the quantity and composition of the produced EPS: mutants no longer able to form melanin synthesised more EPS containing fewer pullulan-related glycosidic linkages. Moreover, the melanin-producing strains attached more strongly to the mineral olivine and dissolved it at a higher rate. We hypothesise that the pullulan-related linkages, with their known adhesion functionality, enable fungal attachment and weathering. The released phenolic intermediates of melanin synthesis in the Δsdh1 mutant might play a role similar to Fe-chelating siderophores, driving olivine dissolution even further. These data demonstrate the need for careful compositional and quantitative analyses of biofilm-created microenvironments.
Nine different bacterial isolates were recovered from landfills. Each isolate was obtained in pure culture. As a consortium, the bacteria degrade polyethylene. The complete genome sequence of strain G2 was determined by PacBio sequencing. Using the TYGS server for taxonomic classification, strain G2 was assigned to the species Pseudomonas veronii.
Recknagel, Sebastian ; Bresch, Harald ; Kipphardt, Heinrich ; Resch-Genger, Ute ; Koch, Matthias ; Rosner, M.
For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particulary fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered.
Cellulose ethers, like methyl cellulose (MC) or hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), are widely used in conservation. They also occur as additives and rheology modifiers in various products like dispersions or gels. Do such products release harmful volatile organic compounds (VOC) during their accelerated aging? A mass testing series utilizing the Oddy test of 60 commercial cellulose ethers ranks the products in safe for permanent use (P, no corrosion), only for temporary use (T, slight corrosion), and unsuitable at all (F, heavy corrosion). Results show that 55% of the products passed the test whereas 33% are for temporary use as slight corrosion occurred on at least one metal coupon and only 11% failed the Oddy test. Raman measurements of the corrosion products identified oxides like massicot, litharge, cuprite, and tenorite among carbonates (hydrocerussite, plumbonacrite), and acetates like basic lead acetate, lead acetate trihydrate as well as lead formate as main phases. For example, commercial, industrial Klucel® G (HPC) scored a T rating through slight corrosion on the lead coupon. Basic lead acetate among other phases indicates the presence of acetic acid. Additional measurements of the sample with thermal desorption GC–MS utilizing the BEMMA scheme confirm the high acetic acid outgassing and reveal the presence of a small amount of formaldehyde.
Nine different bacterial isolates were recovered from landfills. Each isolate was obtained in pure culture. As a consortium, the bacteria degrade polyethylene. The complete genome sequence of strain G9 was determined by PacBio sequencing. Using the TYGS server for taxonomic classification, strain G9 was assigned to the species Micromonospora aurantiaca.
Herein we report the synthesis of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) by an easy “mix and wait” procedure. In a closed vial, without any interference, the mixture of 2-methylimidazole and basic zinc carbonate assembles into the crystalline product with approx. 90% conversion after 70 h. The reaction exhibits sigmoidal kinetics due to the self-generated water which accelerates the reaction.
Weiler, L. ; Pfingsten, J. ; Eickhoff, H. ; Geist, I. ; Hilbig, H. ; Hornig, U. ; Kalbe, Ute ; Krause, K. ; Kautetzky, D. ; Linnemann, V. ; Gschwendtner, M. ; Lohmann, D. ; Overeem-Bos, E. ; Schwerd, R. ; Vollpracht, A.
The environmental impact assessment of materials is usually based on laboratory tests, mostly in combination with models describing the longterm fate of the substances of interest in the targeted environmental compartment. Thus, laboratory tests are the fundamental link to achieve appropriate assessment conclusions which makes it essential to generate consistent results. This just as applies to the leaching of cementitious materials. In Europe, the leaching behavior of monolithic building materials is tested in the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test following the specification CEN/TS 16637–2. An interlaboratory comparison on European level regarding this technical specification showed relatively high intra- and interlaboratory variations for the tested materials (monolithic copper slag and cement stabilized coal fly ash). Therefore the German Committee for Structural Concrete (DAfStb) framed a guideline to specify additional testing conditions for cementitious materials. To assess the possible improvement by this guidelines measures, a round robin test with 11 participants from Germany and the Netherlands was conducted. This work aims to provide insight into the factors to be considered in the testing of alkaline materials, including sample preparation, and highlights crucial procedures and their manifestation in the results. All evaluated parameters showed improved results compared to the earlier round robin test. The relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR) of the elements calcium, barium, antimony, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, which are the parameters evaluated in both round robin tests, were RSDr = 4%, 4%, 2%, 5%, 5%, and 5% respectively (4% in average) for this work, in comparison to the European round robin test with an average RSDr of 29% (17%, 17%, 20%, 40%, 36%, and 42%). The RSDR improved from 41% (30%, 36%, 29%, 57%, 40%, and 56%) to 14% (12%, 8%, 6%, 28%, 15%, and 12%). CO2 ingress during testing and the inaccuracy of eluate analytics for concentrations close to the determination limits were identified as the main sources of error.
Black microcolonial fungi (Ascomycetes from Arthonio-, Dothideo-, and Eurotiomycetes) are stress-tolerant and persistent dwellers of natural and anthropogenic extreme habitats. They exhibit slow yeast-like or meristematic growth, do not form specialized reproduction structures and accumulate the black pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin in the multilayered cell walls. To understand how black fungi live, survive, colonize mineral substrates, and interact with phototrophs genetic methods are needed to test these functions and interactions. We chose the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola of the Chaetothyriales as a model for developing methods for genetic manipulation. Here, we report on the expansion of the genetic toolkit by more efficient multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 using a plasmid-based system for expression of Cas9 and multiple sgRNAs and the implementation of the three resistance selection markers genR (geneticin/nptII), baR (glufosinate/bar), and suR (chlorimuron ethyl/sur). The targeted integration of expression constructs by replacement of essential genes for pigment synthesis allows for an additional color screening of the transformants. The black-pink screening due to the elimination of pks1 (melanin) was applied for promoter studies using GFP fluorescence as reporter. The black-white screening due to the concurrent elimination of pks1 and phs1 (carotenoids) allows to identify transformants that contain the two expression constructs for co-localization or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies. The co-localization and interaction of the two K. petricola White Collar orthologs were demonstrated. Two intergenic regions (igr1, igr2) were identified in which expression constructs can be inserted without causing obvious phenotypes. Plasmids of the pNXR-XXX series and new compatible entry plasmids were used for fast and easy generation of expression constructs and are suitable for a broad implementation in other fungi. This variety of genetic tools is opening a completely new perspective for mechanistic and very detailed study of expression, functioning and regulation of the genes/proteins encoded by the genomes of black fungi.