4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2021 (103) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (67)
- Deutsch (35)
- Italienisch (1)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (103) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Nano (8)
- Nanomaterial (8)
- OECD (7)
- Klärschlammverordnung (6)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (6)
- Antimicrobial resistance (5)
- MIC (5)
- PFAS (5)
- Phosphor (5)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (5)
- Antimicrobial coating (4)
- Biocides (4)
- Rostasche (4)
- Single cell analysis (4)
- Analytik (3)
- Archaea (3)
- BOFS (3)
- Biofilms (3)
- Carbon steel (3)
- Evolution (3)
- Hydraulic reactivity (3)
- Klärschlamm (3)
- Korrosion (3)
- Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- Phosphorus (3)
- Prüfrichtlinie (3)
- Recycling (3)
- Abwasserbehandlung (2)
- Aerosol (2)
- Anerkennungen (2)
- Archaeometry (2)
- Bacterial adhesion (2)
- Biocide tolerance (2)
- Biofilm formation (2)
- Bottom ash (2)
- CIC (2)
- Carbon Fibers (2)
- Chemical characterization (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (2)
- Corona (2)
- Cross-resistance (2)
- Deponie (2)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (2)
- Electric Arc Furnace (2)
- Environmental condition (2)
- FFF-3D-Printer (2)
- Festlegungen (2)
- Fungi (2)
- GAeF (2)
- Gefahrgutregeln (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Hi-Tension (2)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (2)
- Leaching of waste materials (2)
- Modelling studies (2)
- Nanofasern (2)
- Nanoparticle (2)
- Nanopartikel (2)
- Persistence (2)
- Portland Cement (2)
- Pyrometallurgy (2)
- Richtlinien (2)
- Ringversuch (2)
- SC-ICP-ToF-MS (2)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (2)
- Sewage sludge (2)
- Soil (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Steelmaking (2)
- Test guideline (2)
- UFP (2)
- Zulassungen (2)
- Academia (1)
- Aerosole (1)
- Aerosolforschung (1)
- Aging test (1)
- Air quality monitoring (1)
- Alkali zinc borate glass (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Analytical method (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Antagonism (1)
- Antimon (1)
- Archaeological provenance (1)
- Archaeometric studies (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Archäometrie (1)
- Ashdec (1)
- Aufbereitungstechnik (1)
- Auslaugverfahren (1)
- BBodSchV (1)
- BMU (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bauprodukte (1)
- Berliner Tuffsteinfassaden (1)
- Beschleunigte Alterung (1)
- Betondickglasfenster des Glockenturms am Eiermannbau (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Biocides in the environment (1)
- Biocorrosion (1)
- Building products (1)
- Bundesoberbehörden (1)
- CFRP (1)
- COST (1)
- COST Action (1)
- COVID (1)
- Calcium silicate (1)
- Carbon ink (1)
- Cascade impactor (1)
- Chamber measurement (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Circular Economy (1)
- Coastal protection (1)
- Construction products (1)
- Contaminant transfer (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Core/shell nanoparticle (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Covid (1)
- DNA barcode (1)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (1)
- Design of experiments (1)
- Dichtesortierung (1)
- Dispersion of carbon pigments (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Drawings (1)
- EN 16516 (1)
- EOF (1)
- EOF/AOF (1)
- Early european inks (1)
- Ecotoxicity testing (1)
- Elektroofenstaub (1)
- Element mass concentration (1)
- Elutionsverfahren (1)
- Emerging Contaminants (1)
- Emission (1)
- Emission Test Chamber (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emisson testing (1)
- Ergebnisunsicherheit (1)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (1)
- European research area (1)
- Extreme environments (1)
- Fertilizer (1)
- Flotation (1)
- Flow Model (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Flügel (1)
- Formaldehyd (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Fragmented manuscripts (1)
- Fungus (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gas storage (1)
- Gebührenverordnung (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Geosynthetics (1)
- Geotextilien (1)
- Geruchsmessung (1)
- Gichtgasschlamm (1)
- Gipsabfälle (1)
- Gipsrecycling (1)
- Glass (1)
- Gold mit Synchrotronstrahlung (1)
- HR-CS-GFMAS (1)
- HR-GF-MAS (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- High salinity (1)
- Hinterglasmalerei (1)
- Horizontal gene transfer (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- ICP-MS (1)
- ISO 16000-6 (1)
- Illuminated manuscripts (1)
- Ink analysis (1)
- Ink fingerprint (1)
- Instrumental analysis of ink (1)
- Interdisciplinary (1)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (1)
- Iron-gall ink (1)
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (1)
- Kandelaber des Ensembles am Charlottenburger Tor (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- Kulturelle Entomologie (1)
- Kunsttechnologie (1)
- LIPSS (1)
- Landwirtschaftliche Klärschlammverwertung (1)
- Laser processing (1)
- Laser-induced pariodic surface structures (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structueres (LIPPS) (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (1)
- Leonardo da Vinci (1)
- Light (1)
- Lightning talk (1)
- Low melting (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- MIC Island (1)
- Manuscript studies (1)
- Manuscripts (1)
- Marble (1)
- Material analysis (1)
- Metallic silver precipitates (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methoden (1)
- Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion (1)
- Mikrobielle Gemeinschaft (1)
- Mikroorganismen (1)
- Mircobially influcenced corrosion (1)
- Mixed ink (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Mutation rate (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nano characterization (1)
- Nano metal fluorides (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Non-destructive testing (1)
- Non-invasive analysis (1)
- Optical properties of ink (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- PFAS analytics (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Passive sampling (1)
- Perceived Intensity (1)
- Pergamonmuseums (1)
- Phase separation (1)
- Phosphorbestimmung (1)
- Phosphorus recovery (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Poster presentation (1)
- Prallzerkleinerungsverfahren (1)
- Preis- Leistungsverzeichnis (1)
- Prürfrichtlinie (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- Radiografische Untersuchung (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Recycling fertiliser (1)
- Reference material (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Release kinetics (1)
- Religion (1)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (1)
- SARS (1)
- SEM-EDS (1)
- Schadstofftransfer (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer (1)
- Secondary Recources (1)
- Secondary building materials (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Silver diffusion (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulation of materials degradation (1)
- Size (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Solubility (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spielzeug (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Standardisation (1)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (1)
- Sum parameter analyis (1)
- Summenparameter (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- TXRF (1)
- Termites (1)
- Testguideline (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Thermal Desorption (1)
- Thermal Extraction (1)
- Thermal desorption (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- ToF SIMS (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Transport modeling (1)
- Typology of Inks (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV protection (1)
- Ultrashort laser processing (1)
- Umweltsimulation (1)
- VOC (1)
- VVOCs (1)
- Wasserbau (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Wood protection (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray based techniques (1)
- Xestobium rufovillosum (1)
- Zentrifugalsortierer (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zink (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (103)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (30)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (24)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (23)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (17)
- 6 Materialchemie (13)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (9)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (8)
- 6.2 Material- und Oberflächentechnologien (7)
- 1.1 Anorganische Spurenanalytik (5)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (61)
Mit der Bezeichnung Hinterglasmalerei wird allgemein der Begriff der Glasmalerei assoziiert. Auch wenn in beiden Fällen Glas das Trägermaterial ist, bezeichnet Hinterglasmalerei jedoch eine völlig andere Technik. Während bei der Glasmalerei die Farben auf den Bildträger eingebrannt werden, handelt es sich bei der Hinterglasmalerei um eine Kaltmalerei. Selbsttrocknende Farben werden auf die Rückseite der Glastafel aufgetragen, zuweilen wird die Malweise durch aufwendige Veredelungstechniken ergänzt. Mehr und mehr rückt diese Technik, die materialtechnologisch zwischen Tafelmalerei und Glasmalerei zu verorten ist, in den Blickwinkel einer interessierten Öffentlichkeit, wie dies eine zunehmende Anzahl verschiedener Ausstellungen zur Hinterglasmalerei belegen. Die vorliegende Publikation beschäftigt sich in erster Linie mit kunsttechnologischen und materialanalytischen Aspekten der Hinterglasmalerei und ermöglicht tiefe Einblicke in die künstlerische Arbeitsweise und in die Verwendung unterschiedlichster Materialien.
Steelmaking slags are a by-product of steel production, that are currently used primarily in road construction, earthwork, and hydraulic engineering. In this use, the iron bound in the steelmaking slags (< 30 wt.%) is lost.
Recovery of iron from steelmaking slags is possible by thermochemical reductive treatment. The reductive treatment of liquid steelmaking slags causes iron oxides to be reduced to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. The chemical composition of the mineral phase is thus adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker and the mineral alite, the most important component of Portland cement, is formed. This way, crude iron can be recovered, and at the same time a hydraulic binder can be produced.
This process, however, is uneconomical due to the high temperatures required (~1800 °C). In the current project, the process is to be adapted so that the reduction of liquid steelmaking slag can be carried out at ~1600 °C. The chemical composition is to be modified in such a way that the melting temperature of the slags as well as their viscosity are in a technically suitable range and still a product with good cementitious properties is obtained.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important global health problem. The environment has been regocnized as an improtant compartment for the occurance, evolution and transmission of AMR. Biocides used as material preservatives are in contact with the environment and natural microbial communities through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. It has been shown that environmental contaminants, such as antibiotics, metals and pesticides, can affect resistance evolution and spread by modifying the underlying processes of de novo mutagenesis, horizontal gene transfer and selection. However, it is unknown if material preservatives are involved in these processes and thereby can also drive AMR in the environment. Here, we investigate the effect of material preservatives on rates of de novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in Escherichia coli and the model soil microorganisms Acinetobacter baylyi and Bacillus subtilis. To this end, we determined the effects of material preservatives on the mutation rates and HGT with the Luria-Delbrück fluctuation assay and a conjugation assay with the broad host-range plasmid pKJK5 and a transformation assay. Our data shows that the quaternary ammonium compound DDAC, copper, the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and the azole fungicide propiconazole significantly increase mutation rates in E. coli, whereas A. baylyi and B. subtilis are not significantly affected. Moreover, we show that the carbamate IPBC and the insecticide permethrin affect HGT in a concentration dependent manner. Investigations with reporter strains for bacterial stress response pathways show that induction of the general stress response (rpoS) and components of the SOS response (recA) underlie the effects of most biocides on mutation rates and HGT. Taken together, our data is important for assessing the contribution of biocides on AMR evolution and spread in the environment.
The first manuscripts from the Qumran caves were found in 1947. Within the following 10 years, clandestine and legal excavations revealed some 900 highly fragmented manuscripts from the late Second Temple period. This collection is generally known as Scrolls of the Judea Desert or Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS). For many years after their discovery, text analysis and fragmeents attribution were the main concern of the scholars dealing with the scrolls. The uncertain archaeological provenance of the larger part of the collection added an additional difficulty to the formidable task of sorting some 19000 fragments. After 60 years of scholar research the question of origin, archaeological provenance and correct attribution of the fragmenst are still hotly debated. To dtermine a possible contribution to the debate from the point of view of writing materials, we used otpical and electron microscopy, various X-ray based techniques as well as vibratiional sprectroscopy. We validated our approach with SY - based studies using the advantages of the synchroton radiation source with respect to the benchtop devices. Our laboratory studies showed that often production and storage locality could be distinguished thenks to the specific residues ("fingerprint") they left on the material. Moreover, we have diescovered that diferrent parchment production processses coexisted in the antiquity, and the resulting writing materials can readily be distinguished.
In 1981 the OECD published the Test Guideline on Particle size and size distribution. This TG is still a valid document for the measurement of particles all over the world.
When nanomaterials gained importance, ISO set up a technical commitee for Nanotechnologies in 2005 and the OECD followed this step in 2006 with the Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials.
In the following years ISO and OECD published several documents about nanomaterials and the systematisation developed.
In 2017 it was finally clear that nanomaterials need to be adressed in another way than chemicals and in 2020 ECHA revised the REACH-Annexes accordingly and included nanomaterials.
Unfortunately there is a little problem with this: Only a few applicable test guidelines exit for the measurement of the nanomaterials. Several test guidelines date from 1981 and do not address nanomaterials.
The logical next step for the OECD would be to publish a series of test guidelines which are indeed currently prepared and will be shown in this talk.
Finally there is an additional need for the future of NM standardisation: Digitalisation.
Typology of Inks
Archives and museums around the world contain a vast number of manuscripts that were written in different inks: carbon inks, plant inks, iron-gall inks and mixed inks. Yet most archaeometric studies of manuscripts focus on the palette of pigments found in illuminated manuscripts whereas identification of the inks is still largely based on cultural-historical studies and visual inspections. One of the reasons of this disproportion in the studies can be explained by the properties of Raman spectroscopy, the technique of choice for identification of pigments. In contrast, this technique is only partially viable when dealing with organic colourants. Brown and Clark discuss these difficulties and the uncertainties of identification of iron-gall inks by Raman spectroscopy in their pioneering work on early medieval Anglo-Saxon manuscripts (K. Brown and R. Clark 2004). To facilitate instrumental analysis of inks, we have developed a protocol that starts with the identification of the inks type (Rabin et al. 2012) which doesn’t require complicated instrumentation and can be carried out by paleographers and codicologists.
Three typological ink classes
The black writing materials used in manuscript production in Antiquity und Middle Ages can be sorted in three typologically different ink classes: soot, plant and iron-gall. Soot ink is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water soluble binding agent; plant-based ink consists of a solution of the tannins extracted from gallnuts or tree bark; iron-gall ink, is produced by mixing a soluble compound of iron (II) with gallic or tannic acid extracted from gallnuts or tree bark. Therefore, iron-gall ink presents a boundary case between solution and dispersion ink, in which a water-soluble preliminary stage oxidizes and evolves into a black, insoluble precipitate similar to the carbon pigments when the writing is exposed to air (Krekel 1999). The additional category of mixed inks, i.e. inks produced by addition of various metals to the soot inks or intentional mixing of iron-gall and soot - based inks started attracting scholarly attention only recently because their significance was established only a short while ago (Brun et al. 2016, Colini 2018, Nehring et al. 2021). We suggest that plant and mixed inks build a bridge from the carbon ink of Antiquity to the properly formulated iron-gall ink that became a standard black ink from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century when it gave way to modern inks.
Wood-destroying pests such as Anobium punctatum and Xestobium rufovillosum cause damage to art and cultural objects as well as to buildings. Monitoring population dynamics of pest species as well as of their naturally occurring counterparts are an essential part in the development of biological control measures as alternatives to conventional wood protection. Therefore, both the dispersal and homogeneity of pest and beneficial insect populations across multiple sites and buildings were investigated in the present study using DNA barcoding. Specifically, beetles of Anobium punctatum (de Geer 1774) (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), Xestobium rufovillosum (de Geer, 1974) (Coloeptera, Ptinidae), and Korynetes caeruleus (de Geer 1775) (Coleoptera, Cleridae) were collected from buildings at four different sites in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, North-Eastern Germany. DNA analysis was performed using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). For A. punctatum, low base pair variability was found in the gene segment studied (4-5 SNPs) within one building (Greven) and between four spatially separated sites. Conversely, in X. rufovillosum, the sequences from two sites studied were homogeneous within a site but differed between locations by nine base pair positions (SNPs). The main result of this study is that the pests A. punctatum and X. rufovillosum showed a higher variability in the investigated gene segment than the natural counterpart K. caeruleus.
Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,
liebe Leserinnen und Leser,
bereits im ersten Band der N.i.Ke. Schriftenreihe des Netzwerks zur interdisziplinären Kulturerhaltung hatte ich angeführt, dass bei der Untersuchung von kulturellen Artefakten naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungsmethoden zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen, sie eigentlich unverzichtbar geworden sind.
Ein besonders einprägsames Beispiel dieser fächerübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit zwischen Geisteswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaften und Restaurierungswissenschaften war die Ausstellung Johannes Vermeer. Vom Innehalten, die in diesem Jahr in der Gemäldegalerie Alter Meister in den staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden gezeigt wurde. Eigens für diese Ausstellung wurde das Gemälde Brieflesendes Mädchen am offenen Fenster einer grundlegenden Restaurierung unterzogen. Diese Restaurierung diente jedoch nicht nur der Reparatur des Bildes. Um sich dem ursprünglichen Zustand des Gemäldes zwischen 1657 und 1659 anzunähern, wurden später hinzugefügte Malschichten großflächig abgenommen. Möglich wurde dies durch unterschiedliche, bildgebende materialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen im Vorfeld, welche die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen für die Diskussion über den weiteren Umgang mit der Lesenden schufen.
Materialanalytische Verfahren wurden und werden ständig weiterentwickelt und optimiert. Sei es, um aus einer Vielzahl von Einzelmessungen ein Gesamtbild zu erstellen, oder die Größe einer Probenentnahme so zu reduzieren, dass von einer „minimal-invasiven“ oder „quasi nicht-invasiven“ Untersuchung ausgegangen werden kann. Nun feiert die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, zusammen mit ihren Vorgängerinstitutionen, den königlichen Versuchsanstalten, in diesem Jahr ihren einhundertfünfzigsten Geburtstag. Sie blickt damit auf eine lange Tradition materialwissenschaftlicher Analysen zurück, an deren Beginn beispielsweise die metallographischen Untersuchungen von Adolf Martens stehen. Derartige Untersuchungen bilden auch heute noch einen wesentlichen Bestandteil archäometallurgischer Forschung. Die Historie bzw. die Weiterentwicklung der Methodik lässt sich hier besonders gut nachzeichnen. Jedoch blicken auch Verfahren zur Charakterisierung weiterer Werkstoffe, wie Glas, Keramik, oder organischer Materialien auf eine lange Geschichte zurück.
Die in diesem Band der N.i.Ke.-Schriftenreihe präsentierten Beiträge dokumentieren einerseits aktuelle Forschungsarbeiten, die erst in diesem Jahr in entsprechenden Fachjournalen publiziert wurden, andererseits liegen einige der Arbeiten bereits 50 Jahre zurück. Sie bekunden damit nicht nur die materialtechnologische und historische Bandbreite der Projekte, sondern offenbaren die Vielfältigkeit kulturhistorischer oder restauratorischer Fragestellungen, zu deren Beantwortung natur- und materialwissenschaftliche Forschung wesentliche Beiträge liefern können.
Ich bedanke mich bei allen Kolleginnen und Kollegen, die zur Erstellung dieser dritten Ausgabe der N.i.Ke. Schriftenreihe des Netzwerks zur interdisziplinären Kulturerhaltung beigetragen haben. Ihre Aufsätze ermöglichen den Blick in die Vielfältigkeit materialwissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen im Bereich Kunst- und Kulturgut. Ich wünsche Ihnen viel Spaß auf dieser kleinen Zeitreise.
Thermochemische Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen - Phosphorrückgewinnung mit dem AshDec Prozess
(2021)
Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind.
Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet.
Our standard protocol for the characterisation of writing materials within advanced manuscript studies has been successfully used to investigate manuscripts written with a pure ink on a homogeneous writing surface. However, this protocol is inadequate for analysing documents penned in mixed inks. We present here the advantages and limitations of the improved version of the protocol, which now includes imaging further into the infrared region (1100−1700 nm).