3.4 Sicherheit von Lagerbehältern
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Konkretisierung der Anforderungen an Behälter für ein deutsches Endlager für hochradioaktive Abfälle
(2026)
Die Abfallbehälter stellen eine wichtige Komponente jedes Endlagersystems dar. Zum einen werden sie für die Handhabung und Einlagerung der Abfälle benötigt, zum anderen sind sie Teil des Multibarrierensystems, das den sicheren Einschluss der radioaktiven Abfälle während des geforderten Nachweiszeitraums von 1 Million Jahren sicherstellt. Das deutsche Regelwerk für die Endlagerung von hochradioaktiven Abfällen (insbesondere StandAG, EndlSiAnfV, EndlSiUntV) enthält überwiegend Anforderungen an das gesamte Endlagersystem, aber nur wenige konkret auf den Behälter bezogene Vorgaben.
Ziel des Forschungsprojektes KAnnE („Konkretisierung der Anforderung an Endlagerbehälter und Entwicklung von Prüfkonzepten“) ist es daher, die Anforderungen aus dem Regelwerk möglichst behälterspezifisch zu konkretisieren, um belastbare Vorgaben für die Behälterauslegung und deren Sicherheitsbewertung zu gewinnen. Dabei werden ergänzend Erkenntnisse aus der Auswertung internationaler Behälterkonzepte und deren Anforderungen berücksichtigt, die im ersten Teil des Projektes umfassend analysiert wurden. Um eine nachvollziehbare Systematik und Vollständigkeit der hergeleiteten Anforderungen zu erzielen, wurden diese spezifisch für die drei Hauptphasen der Behälterlebensdauer ermittelt: Unter „Konstruktion und Herstellung“ fallen allgemeine Anforderungen z.B. zu den Materialien sowie konkrete Vorgaben und Empfehlungen für die Herstellung und Qualitätskontrolle. Unter „Handhabung und Betrieb“ werden Anforderungen beschrieben, die aus der Beladung des Behälters über dessen Einlagerung bis zur Handhabung im Fall einer möglichen Rückholung (während des Endlagerbetriebes) oder Bergung (bis 500 Jahre nach Verschluss des Endlagers) resultieren. Die dritte Phase schließlich ist die nach der Einlagerung, wenn der Behälter mit den anderen ihn umgebenden geotechnischen und geologischen Barrieren kompatibel sein muss, z.B. in Bezug auf Temperatur, Strahlung und Korrosion. Dabei wird auch die Abhängigkeit der Behälteranforderungen vom Wirtsgestein (Kristallin, Tonstein, Steinsalz) berücksichtigt.
Im Zuge der Projektarbeit wurde eine Liste von ca. 30 spezifischen Anforderungen hergeleitet. Dabei wurden sowohl die Anforderungen aus dem deutschen Regelwerk als auch die Erkenntnisse aus der Analyse der internationalen Konzepte und Anforderungen berücksichtigt. Diese hergeleiteten Behälteranforderungen werden im Rahmen dieses Beitrages vorgestellt. Ebenso wird herausgearbeitet, wo noch weiterer Bedarf zur Konkretisierung bzw. Quantifizierung der Anforderungen besteht. Im Ergebnis sollen die Projektergebnisse als Basis für ein ergänzendes technisches Regelwerk zur anforderungsgerechten Auslegung und Bewertung von Endlagerbehältern dienen.
Behälter für radioaktive Abfälle sind oft sowohl Transport- als auch Lagerbehälter. Das bedeutet, dass die Herstellungsüberwachung dieser Behälter nach Gefahrgutrecht und nach Atomrecht erfolgen muss. Bei der Neufertigung von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für schwach und mittel radioaktive Abfälle für das Endlager Konrad kann aufgrund ähnlicher Anforderungen an die Fertigungsüberwachung von der vorlaufenden Begutachtung im Gefahrgutrecht Kredit genommen werden und so der Begutachtungsaufwand stark reduziert bzw. Doppelbegutachtung vermieden werden. Der Vortrag stellt den dafür erarbeiteten Prozess mit den Beteiligten BGE (hoheitlich zuständiger Auftraggeber Endlager), BAM 3.3 (hoheitlich zuständig im Gefahrgutrecht) sowie BAM 3.4 und TÜV Rheinland (Sachverständige, beauftragt mit der Fertigungsüberwachung) vor.
In Germany, the search for a disposal site for heat-generating radioactive waste will take decades longer than originally assumed. Transport and storage casks must therefore ensure safe containment for extended interim storage periods, possibly over 100 years. In order to maintain the required leak tightness, spring core metal seals with aluminum or silver jacket are used. As sealing force decreases over time, BAM has been conducting tests for over 15 years to study their long-term reliability. This work - a joint project of BASE and BAM - aims to obtain additional material data using a new device for continuous measurement of compression force over time and temperature for lifetime prediction models and is supported by FEM simulations. After successful testing of the new test device, tests at different temperature levels with aluminum and silver seals have been completed, and preliminary results are presented.
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for developing quality finite element models to ensure, with reasonable certainty, that the model produces accurate results for comparison with the strain-based or stress-based acceptance criteria of Section III, Division 3 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, but could be applicable to other Sections of the Code or other codes. Models developed following the guidance provided in this document meet the definition of a "Quality Model," as described in Paragraph EE 1240 of the Nonmandatory Appendix EE (Strain-Based Acceptance Criteria Definitions and Background Information). It cannot be emphasized enough, however, that the guidance supplied here does not constitute requirements. Rather, the intent of the guidance is to give practical direction to analysts (i.e., this is not a set of regulatory requirements). This guidance document is an "evolving" document. It will undergo revision as computing capability and FEA techniques progress, and as example problems are developed.
In Germany, the search for a disposal site for heat-generating radioactive waste will take decades longer than originally assumed. Transport and storage casks must therefore ensure safe containment for extended interim storage periods, possibly over 100 years. In order to maintain the required leak tightness, spring core metal seals with aluminum or silver cladding are used. As sealing force decreases over time, BAM has been conducting tests for over 15 years to prove their long-term reliability. This work - a joint project of BASE and BAM - aims to obtain additional material data using a new device for continuous measurement of compression force over time and temperature for lifetime prediction models and is supported by FEM simulations. Initial tests on aluminum and silver seals have been completed, and first results are presented.
The research project KAnnE aims to identify, concretize, and quantify requirements for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal containers in Germany, considering potential types of host rock and repository concepts. The primary goal is to establish a transparent and comprehensible regulatory framework that accounts for different host rocks and operational phases, ensuring the safe long-term containment of radioactive waste. Given the current general legal formulation of these requirements, this study provides a systematic approach to defining them more precisely by integrating scientific and regulatory perspectives. An extensive review is conducted to gather relevant information about safety and design requirements for disposal containers in the respective types of host rock. The analysis considers host rock properties and conditions, operational repository conditions, and their impact on the container design, including key factors such as structural integrity, corrosion resistance, and shielding. Additionally, design specifications, boundary conditions, and expected loads (thermal, mechanical, radiological, chemical, and biological) are systematically reviewed, with quantified values provided where available.
The findings support a comprehensive evaluation of both quantitative and qualitative container requirements concerning potential German host rock types, waste forms, and repository concepts. By establishing a clearer basis for defining these requirements, this project serves as a foundation for further refinement, with a more detailed structuring of requirements currently in progress. Such regulatory basis allows a more targeted approach to container development and ensures a transparent evaluation within the repository licensing procedure. Additionally, it supports decision making on the most favorable container design by considering repository conditions that provide the highest level of safety over one million years.
This contribution explains the goals and concept of the research project KAnnE, presents its preliminary findings and conclusions, and provides an outlook on the final project phase.
The former iron ore mine Konrad near Salzgitter is the approved final repository for radioactive waste with negligible heat production in Germany and should go into operation in the 2030s. The waste comes from operation and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, as well as from medicine, research and industry using radiation sources or radioactive materials. These types of waste are comparable to international low- and certain types of intermediate-level waste. The waste includes a large variety of products, materials and properties. The containers for such waste have the primary purpose of enabling handling and storing of the waste by safely enclosing the radioactive inventory and shielding of radiation. Due to the large variety of waste forms to be disposed of in the Konrad repository, different container types are specified to account for the different requirements related to each waste type.
Each container design for waste disposal in Konrad has to be approved by BGE on the basis of the “final disposal conditions” (Endlagerungsbedingungen) and the respective “product control” (Produktkontrolle). For demonstrating the container’s compliance with the regulatory framework, the waste producers or container manufacturers have to apply for design approval on the basis of a comprehensive safety assessment including all relevant reports about analytical, numerical and experimental safety demonstrations and quality assurance measures for container manufacturing and operation. Usually, BGE commissions independent experts like BAM to evaluate these documents and the design testing (e.g. drop or fire tests).
While the basic assessment principle is to verify the container design and quality to be in line with all regulatory requirements, there are often challenges associated with the container’s safety evaluation. As containers of different types have already been produced in large numbers and partially loaded with waste before the regulatory framework became effective (so-called “old” containers), they are considered in the regulations as well and safety assessments have to be provided in an equivalent way. As the requirements for the documentation of manufacturing quality were not yet known at the time these containers were manufactured, this is often challenging in practice. On the other hand, containers requiring the highest safety level (ABK II, sf) due to their nuclear content sometimes cause significant challenges and very long approval processes concerning safety demonstrations for severe accidental conditions like a 5 m drop without impact limiter onto a nearly unyielding target or a one hour 800 °C fire scenario. Furthermore, as the regulatory framework has not been updated for several decades, some requirements and the respective safety assessment methods have to be interpreted under consideration of the current state of knowledge in science and technology.
Data-driven nanomechanical study of filled fluoroelastomer aged in air and hydrogen atmosphere
(2025)
Fluoroelastomer (FKM) composites are typically used as sealing materials in challenging non-ambient environments. Depending on the environment, two main aging mechanisms, chemical aging, and physical aging, can be identified. Chemical aging, the degradation of the elastomer, is present for example in thermal-oxidative conditions and can be directly observed as it affects the bulk. Physical aging, relaxation and rearrangement of the elastomers segmental conformation is commonly observed at elevated temperatures and effects predominantly the elastomer interphase. As a highly localized nanoscopic effect it is usually observed indirectly by phenomological approaches and not systematically understood. In this study, as a typical example for chemical aging, filled FKM was aged in air (150°C, 100 days). Physical aging of FKM was realized by exposure to chemically inert H2 (150°C, 50 bar, 100 days), since temperature and gas-induced swelling is known to promote physical aging. The effects of both conditions are directly compared with the initial unaged material. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy as a method to resolve nanoscopic heterogeneous FKM. With this method the effect of aging on the spatially distinguishable material phases was directly observed. In thermal oxidative aged FKM the matrix shows a decrease in van der Waals interactions and stiffness, indicating dehydrofluorination and chain scission. In H2 aged FKM, the development of an immobilized amorphous interphase (IAP) was observed, indicating physical aging. By additionally evaluating a larger data set with supervised machine learning, these observations were validated for a larger, statistically representative sample area, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the macroscopic behaviour of the material.