2.3 Einstufung von Gefahrstoffen und -gütern
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Hydrogen peroxide emulsion (HPE) explosives are a type of emulsion explosive that uses hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, offering advantages over traditional ammonium nitrate-based explosives. HPEs are gaining popularity as a more environmentally friendly and safer alternative. Nevertheless investigations show a low thermal stability which is discussed in the context of classification. This presentation contains confidential data and can therefore not be published in full lenght here.
Classification of thermites
(2025)
In this presentation the classification of thermites is discussed. Even though these products are used in industry, e.g. for rail welding since the 19th century, new discussions arose questioning wether these kind of products should be classified in the class of explosives. The presentation reviews the screening procedures for explosives as well as test series 2 for explosives testing. Based on this evaluation it is questioned that the class of explosives adequaltey describes the hazards of these substances.
The UN Test N.5 "Test method for substances which in contact with water with flammable gases", according to the Chapter 33.5.4 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria is one of the tests performed at BAM and was already investigated in detail. As a conclusion from these investigations a new verification method for the verification of this gas flow measuring test apparatus for the method UN Test N.5 was developed at BAM and is presented in this presentation as well as general aspects in the development of verification procedures will be explained. The planned interlaboratory test to validate the new verification method is discussed in this presentation.
We present a new screening procedure for the determination of the thermal stability of potential candidates for the class of self-reactive substances. For the classification of self-reactive substances, elaborate testing is necessary to determine the applicable type, according to the regulations. Annex 6 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria permits that the classification procedure for self-reactive substances may be omitted, if the estimated self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is greater than 75 °C for a 50 kg package using an appropriate calorimetric technique, but no technique is described. Based on stationary theories of thermal explosion, we developed a screening approach using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) onset and heat-flux criteria, respectively, at relevant temperatures. The proposed approach is validated with experimental data.
The results of the round robin test on the solid oxidiser test have already been presented at IGUS EOS. In this presentation, we will show how the findings from the round robin test can be transferred into the regulations as easily as possible. This proposal serves as a basis for a proposal that can be discussed in the ECOSOC Sub-Committee of Experts on TDG (30 June - 04 July 2025).
We present a newscreening procedure for the determination of the thermal stability of potential candidates for the class of self-reactive substances. For the classification of self-reactive substances, elaborate testing is necessary to determine the applicable type, according to the regulations. Annex 6 of the UNManual of Tests and Criteria permits that the classification procedure for self-reactive substances may be omitted, if the estimated self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is greater than 75 °C for a 50 kg package using an appropriate calorimetric technique, but no technique is described. Based on stationary theories of thermal explosion, we developed a screening approach using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) onset and heat-flux criteria, respectively, at relevant temperatures. The proposed approach is validated with experimental data.
Sulfur Spillover on Carbon Materials and its Relevance for Metall-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries
(2024)
Lithium-sulfur batteries are commonly assembled using a composite material containing porous carbon and sulfur as the cathode. While much work has been done on the design of such high performance composites, the interaction between sulfur and carbon is poorly unterstood. Here we provide further evidence that sulfur and porous carbon undergo a spontaneous reaction at room temperature, recently described as "sulfur spillover". Thermal measurements, XRD, XAS and EPR are used to provide insight into the interaction energy and structure of sulfur after spillover. We also show that the effect may cause a loss in cell voltage by about 70 mV.
The presentation give an overview of the current problems with regard to ensuring the safe transport of stabilized polymerizing substances, especially in maritime transport. In addition to the outlined approach of the planned dissertation on the topic, the presentation includes the research purpose and goal.
Es wird in die Aufgaben der BAM im Bereich des Sprengstoff- und Gefahrgutrechts eingeführt und auf die Grundlagen und Prüfmethoden für die Bewertung von explosionsgefährlichen Stoffen eingegangen. Anhand konkreter Beispiele wird die Wichtigkeit der experimentbasierte Bewertung von Gefahren demonstriert und die Ergänzung durch Simulationen als ergänzendes Instrument hervorgehoben.
The test method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 “Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations” is applied to characterize the self-ignition behaviour of combustible dusts. The experimental basis for describing the self-ignition behaviour of a given dust is the determination of the self-ignition temperatures (TSI) of differently-sized volumes of the dust sample by isoperibolic hot storage experiments (storage at constant oven temperatures) in commercially available ovens. The results measured this way reflect the dependence of the self-ignition temperatures on the volume of a dust accumulation.
Several internal investigations in the past (e.g. interlaboratory tests in 2010-2011 and 2015-2016) have shown significant differences between the lab-specific results of hot storage tests of the former version of the revised DIN EN 15188:2021-07 (DIN EN 15188:2007). Therefore, an improvement of the test method DIN EN 15188:2007 was necessary.
After a rather long and extensive series of various improvements (methodological modifications), the interlaboratory test in 2015-2016 demonstrated an acceptable reliability of the test method and a satisfactory measurement uncertainty if the modifications described in the interlaboratory test are taken into account. On the basis of this interlaboratory test in 2015, this subsequently led to a revision of the standard, whereby, in addition to the methodological improvements, the measurement uncertainty to be taken into account could now also be specified for the first time in this standard. The revised DIN EN 15188:2021-07 was published in 2021 and can now be applied by laboratories.
This report provides the laboratory results of the first interlaboratory test 2023 on the revised method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 and summarizes the results of the assessment of laboratory performance.