2.3 Einstufung von Gefahrstoffen und -gütern
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Emulsion explosives based on ammonium nitrate are an easy-to-use explosive mainly used for mining. In principle, the ammonium nitrate emulsion can be sensitized by various methods like gassing or the addition of microballoons. The introduction of these hot-spots is important for an adiabatic compression and subsequent detonative propagation. This technique is reliable even at colder temperatures. Now, experiments in a rectangular test setup have shown that the size and composition of the sensitizing material indeed have an impact on the detonation ability of the emulsion explosive. This happens to an extent of a full detonation at 20°C and a failure at 0°C. Whereas, usually the ambient temperature does not have an influence on an effective detonation. Different calorimetric methods like DSC and MMC, as well as practical detonation tests and the UN-Test F.3 (BAM Trauzl Test) have been used to examine the behavior of emulsion explosives.
Emulsionssprengstoffe (EMS) auf Basis von Ammoniumnitrat wurden mit verschiedenen Materialien wie Glashohlkugeln, Styropor, Neopor und Gasblasen sensibilisiert und bei Raumtemperatur sowie bei 0°C geschossen. Es kommt zu Detonationsversagern mit Neopor (Styropor, graphitversetzt). Mittels weiterer kalorimetrischer Messungen und UN-Testmethoden wurden die Eigenschaften dieser EMS untersucht und das Detonationsverhalten analysiert
Hydrogen peroxide emulsion (HPE) explosives are a type of emulsion explosive that uses hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, offering advantages over traditional ammonium nitrate-based explosives. HPEs are gaining popularity as a more environmentally friendly and safer alternative. Nevertheless investigations show a low thermal stability which is discussed in the context of classification. This presentation contains confidential data and can therefore not be published in full lenght here.
Classification of thermites
(2025)
In this presentation the classification of thermites is discussed. Even though these products are used in industry, e.g. for rail welding since the 19th century, new discussions arose questioning wether these kind of products should be classified in the class of explosives. The presentation reviews the screening procedures for explosives as well as test series 2 for explosives testing. Based on this evaluation it is questioned that the class of explosives adequaltey describes the hazards of these substances.
The UN Test N.5 "Test method for substances which in contact with water with flammable gases", according to the Chapter 33.5.4 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria is one of the tests performed at BAM and was already investigated in detail. As a conclusion from these investigations a new verification method for the verification of this gas flow measuring test apparatus for the method UN Test N.5 was developed at BAM and is presented in this presentation as well as general aspects in the development of verification procedures will be explained. The planned interlaboratory test to validate the new verification method is discussed in this presentation.
We present a new screening procedure for the determination of the thermal stability of potential candidates for the class of self-reactive substances. For the classification of self-reactive substances, elaborate testing is necessary to determine the applicable type, according to the regulations. Annex 6 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria permits that the classification procedure for self-reactive substances may be omitted, if the estimated self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is greater than 75 °C for a 50 kg package using an appropriate calorimetric technique, but no technique is described. Based on stationary theories of thermal explosion, we developed a screening approach using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) onset and heat-flux criteria, respectively, at relevant temperatures. The proposed approach is validated with experimental data.
The results of the round robin test on the solid oxidiser test have already been presented at IGUS EOS. In this presentation, we will show how the findings from the round robin test can be transferred into the regulations as easily as possible. This proposal serves as a basis for a proposal that can be discussed in the ECOSOC Sub-Committee of Experts on TDG (30 June - 04 July 2025).
We present a newscreening procedure for the determination of the thermal stability of potential candidates for the class of self-reactive substances. For the classification of self-reactive substances, elaborate testing is necessary to determine the applicable type, according to the regulations. Annex 6 of the UNManual of Tests and Criteria permits that the classification procedure for self-reactive substances may be omitted, if the estimated self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is greater than 75 °C for a 50 kg package using an appropriate calorimetric technique, but no technique is described. Based on stationary theories of thermal explosion, we developed a screening approach using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) onset and heat-flux criteria, respectively, at relevant temperatures. The proposed approach is validated with experimental data.
Sulfur Spillover on Carbon Materials and its Relevance for Metall-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries
(2024)
Lithium-sulfur batteries are commonly assembled using a composite material containing porous carbon and sulfur as the cathode. While much work has been done on the design of such high performance composites, the interaction between sulfur and carbon is poorly unterstood. Here we provide further evidence that sulfur and porous carbon undergo a spontaneous reaction at room temperature, recently described as "sulfur spillover". Thermal measurements, XRD, XAS and EPR are used to provide insight into the interaction energy and structure of sulfur after spillover. We also show that the effect may cause a loss in cell voltage by about 70 mV.
The presentation give an overview of the current problems with regard to ensuring the safe transport of stabilized polymerizing substances, especially in maritime transport. In addition to the outlined approach of the planned dissertation on the topic, the presentation includes the research purpose and goal.
