2.2 Prozesssimulation
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Introduction: Mass transport at gas/liquid interfaces depends on many factors including the gas and liquid properties and hydrodynamics. The mass transport of a gas through the liquid is a limiting step in many chemical reactions. To gain a fundamental understanding of multiphase interfaces, the rate of mass transfer has been measured for pure gases (H2, N2, O2, He) into a thin liquid film with a well-defined surface area and velocity profile. This enables the mass transfer rate to be broken down into one parameter, which is the gas/liquid interfacial area (a), and a second parameter, which is the mass transfer coefficient (kL). Using gases with varying diffusion coefficients enables a comparison of the measured rates of mass transport to the rates predicted by film theory and penetration theory.
Method: A gravity-driven thin water film 0.000180 m in thickness flowing along the outer surface of a capillary was contacted with a gas phase inside a closed system. The liquid was circulated continuously until it was saturated with gas and the equilibrium pressure was reached. In this device, there is laminar flow, and therefore, the hydrodynamics of the liquid film are well defined.
Results: Penetration theory predicts a non-linear relationship between diffusion coefficient (DAB) and mass transfer coefficient (kL). by means of falling film reactor the actual rates of gas-liquid mass transfer are higher than those predicted by theory. Also, a linear relationship between DAB and kL is observed experimentally. The mass transfer coefficient can even, as a rule of thumb, be assumed to be relatively constant with a value of around 10-4 m/s for aqueous solutions.
Der Fokus des Beitrages bestand darin, die BAM, insbesondere die Abteilung 2 (Chemische Sicherheitstechnik) als möglichen Projektpartner im Rahmen von Horizont 2020 "Sichere Gesellschaften" zu präsentieren. Dabei wurden die Kernkompetenzen der Abteilung 2, die Kooperationen zu anderen Abteilungen in der BAM bzw. einige Beispiele zu bisherigen Projekterfahrungen, hinsichtlich dem Aktivitätsfeld "Security" vorgestellt.
Predictive Methods for Determining the Thermal Decomposition Properties of Hazardous Substances
(2019)
Due to the fast development and availability of computers, predictive approaches are increasingly used in the evaluation process of hazardous substances complementary to experiments. Their use was recommended as alternative to experimental testing by the REACH regulation to complete the lack of knowledge on properties for existing substances that must be registered before 2018 (upon quantities). Among the proposed predictive approaches, Quantitative Structure Property Relationships (QSPR) are powerful methods to predict macroscopic properties from the only molecular structure of substances.
In that context, the HAZPRED project (2015-2018, founded by the SAF€RA consortium) aims to develop theoretical models (e.g. QSPR) and small-scale tests to predict complex physico-chemical properties (e.g. thermal stability, explosivity) of hazardous substances to complete the lack of knowledge on these hazardous substances quickly or to understand their decomposition behaviour better.
In particular, this contribution will present the work done in this project on the physical hazards of organic peroxides and self-reactive substances: gathering of existing experimental data, new experimental campaigns, review of existing models and proposition of new estimation methods.
In continuation of a preceding test series involving sole LPG vehicle tanks, three passenger cars equipped with identical toroidal steel LPG tanks were set on fire. The tanks were installed in the space normally reserved for the spare tyre, in the car boot. No safety device was installed on the tank, in order to force critical failure of the cylinder. Two of the cars were equipped with a tank filled with liquefied propane to a level of 20% (5.3 kg), the third one was filled completely (25.5 kg). The partially filled tanks failed critically within a time period of more than 20 min after the initiation of the fire. The fully-filled tank did not rupture; the propane was released continuously through a small leak that appeared during the fire. Comprehensive equipment was used to procure measurement data, enabling an analysis of potential consequences and hazards to humans and infrastructure within the vehicle surroundings. The inner status of the tank (pressure, temperature of the liquid phase and the steel casing), the development of the fire (temperature inside and around the vehicle) and the pressure induced in the near-field in case of tank rupture were recorded. The results were analysed in detail and compared against the data gained in tests involving sole, but identical LPG tanks.
Prüfapparaturen zur Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kennzahlen müssen präzise messen, um verlässliche Ergebnisse zu produzieren. Oftmals gibt es in der Methodenbeschreibung allerdings keine Informationen zu Messunsicherheiten o.ä.. In dem Vortrag werden Ringversuchsprogramme das CEQAT-DGHS beschrieben und aktuelle Arbeiten zu Verifizierungsverfahren von Messmethoden beschrieben.
Organic peroxide and self-reactive are classified into seven types according to their hazards. In order to determine the substance type, it is necessary to determine the properties based on test methods. The types range from type A, which is not accepted for transport in the packing in which it is tested, to type G, which is exempted from the provisions for organic peroxides or self-reactive substances.