1.5 Proteinanalytik
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
Schlagworte
- Magnetic resonance imaging (13)
- ELISA (10)
- Fluorescence (10)
- Lab-on-a-chip (10)
- Affinity chromatography (8)
- Mass spectrometry (8)
- Antibody (7)
- Biosensor (7)
- Copper (7)
- Immunoassay (7)
- Peptide (7)
- Peptides (7)
- Reference material (7)
- Antibodies (6)
- Drone (6)
- HPLC (6)
- Passive Smart Dust (6)
- Screening (6)
- Traceability (6)
- Contrast agent (5)
- ICP-MS (5)
- IgG (5)
- Imaging (5)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (5)
- MRI (5)
- Metrology (5)
- Peptide library (5)
- Protein G (5)
- ATCUN (4)
- Affinity (4)
- Amino acid analysis (4)
- Antikörper (4)
- Bioconjugation (4)
- Chromatography (4)
- Gadolinium (4)
- Immunoglobulins (4)
- Immunosensor (4)
- LA-ICP-MS (4)
- Monoclonal antibody (4)
- Nickel (4)
- Nitrotyrosine (4)
- Protein A (4)
- Quality control (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- SDS-PAGE (4)
- Signal amplification (4)
- Tyrosine (4)
- ABID (3)
- Affinitätschromatographie (3)
- Allergy (3)
- Biochip (3)
- Biosensors (3)
- COVID-19 (3)
- Cellulose (3)
- Combinatorial peptide library (3)
- Diagnostics (3)
- Extracellular matrix (3)
- FPLC (3)
- Gadofosveset (3)
- Glue (3)
- Glutaraldehyde (3)
- Herceptin (3)
- Hybridoma (3)
- Immunocapture (3)
- Immunoprecipitation (3)
- Iron disorders (3)
- Iron oxide (3)
- LC-MS/MS (3)
- MALDI (3)
- Metalloprotein (3)
- Metalloproteins (3)
- Microfluidics (3)
- Molecular imaging (3)
- Nanoparticle (3)
- Nanoparticles (3)
- Nitration (3)
- OBOC library (3)
- Oriented immobilization (3)
- PEG (3)
- Peptide mass fingerprinting (3)
- Polyglycerol (3)
- Polymers (3)
- Protein hydrolysis (3)
- Protein quantification (3)
- Purification (3)
- Pyrethroids (3)
- Quality Control (3)
- RBD (3)
- Ring resonator (3)
- Sapphire (3)
- Sensor (3)
- Sequencing (3)
- Silanization (3)
- Smart Dust (3)
- Validation (3)
- 150th anniversary (2)
- AAA (2)
- AAAA (2)
- ABC (2)
- Affinity Chromatography (2)
- Affinity extraction (2)
- Air pollution (2)
- Aluminum oxide (2)
- Amplification (2)
- Analysis (2)
- Analytical sciences (2)
- Antibody coating (2)
- Antibody identification (2)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis (2)
- Atherosclerosis (2)
- BAM (2)
- BSA (2)
- Bioanalysis (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Biophotonics (2)
- Bioseparation (2)
- Biotechnology (2)
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (2)
- Calibration (2)
- Cancer (2)
- Carrier (2)
- Chemical evolution (2)
- Chip (2)
- Chirality (2)
- Click chemistry (2)
- Clones (2)
- Collection (2)
- Colorimetric Sensor (2)
- Colorimetric sensor particles (2)
- Combinatorial chemistry (2)
- Confetti (2)
- Corona (2)
- Crosslinker (2)
- Database (2)
- Diagnosis (2)
- Dityrosine (2)
- Documentation (2)
- Downstream processing (2)
- Dynamische Lichtstreuung (2)
- ESI-MS (2)
- Environment (2)
- Explosive (2)
- Explosives detection (2)
- Ferumoxytol (2)
- Fingerprint (2)
- Folding chirality (2)
- Fusion protein (2)
- HTS (2)
- Hybrid materials (2)
- Hydrolysis (2)
- Identity (2)
- Immobilisierung (2)
- Immunoaffinity extraction (2)
- Indicator (2)
- Inflammation (2)
- Jahrestag (2)
- LC-MS (2)
- Lateral flow assay (2)
- Life sciences (2)
- Limit of detection (2)
- Linker (2)
- Low-cost (2)
- Luminol (2)
- MALDI-TOF MS (2)
- MST (2)
- Mass Spectrometry (2)
- Massenspektrometrie (2)
- Material sciences (2)
- Method (2)
- Microarray (2)
- Microfluidic mixing (2)
- Miniaturization (2)
- Mobile phase (2)
- Monoclonal Antibodies (2)
- Monoclonal antibodies (2)
- Monolith (2)
- Monolithic column (2)
- Nitrogen oxides (2)
- Open Science (2)
- Optical sensors (2)
- Peptide Library (2)
- Peptide analysis (2)
- Peptide pools (2)
- Permethrin (2)
- Peroxidase (2)
- Pflanzenvirus (2)
- Phenylalanine (2)
- Photonic sensors (2)
- Plasma (2)
- Pollutant (2)
- Prostate cancer (2)
- Protein (2)
- Protein nitration (2)
- Proximity-enhanced reaction (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quantitative protein analysis (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- Reductive amination (2)
- Reference materials (2)
- Regeneration (2)
- Remote Detection (2)
- Reproducibility crisis (2)
- SAFIA (2)
- SARS-CoV-2 (2)
- SBA-15 (2)
- SPR (2)
- SUMO (2)
- Sequence coverage (2)
- Serum (2)
- Silicon photonics (2)
- Software (2)
- Special issue (2)
- Spike-Protein (2)
- Synthetic peptides (2)
- TNT (2)
- Trastuzumab (2)
- Trypsin (2)
- Virus (2)
- 150th anniversary of BAM (1)
- 18HTL10 (1)
- 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (1)
- 280 nm (1)
- 6xHis (1)
- ACE2 (1)
- ACE2-Rezeptor (1)
- ADAMTS4 (1)
- ADC (1)
- Aautomatisation (1)
- Abiogenesis (1)
- Acid (1)
- Acidic cleavage (1)
- Acute myocardial infarction (1)
- Additive Fertigung (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Adhesion (1)
- Adhesives (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Affinity Extraction (1)
- Affinity Separation (1)
- Affinity column (1)
- Affinity enrichment (1)
- Affinity immobilization (1)
- Affinity support (1)
- Affinitätsextraktion (1)
- Affinitätskonstante (1)
- Affinty (1)
- Agarose (1)
- Air filter samples (1)
- Air particulate matter (1)
- Air traffic (1)
- Airport (1)
- Alanine scan (1)
- Albumin (1)
- Alkylierung (1)
- Aluminiumoxid (1)
- Ambient Desorption/Ionization (1)
- Ambient ionization (1)
- Ameisensäure (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Aneurism (1)
- Aneurysm (1)
- Angiography (1)
- Angiotensin II (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotics (1)
- Antibody Purification (1)
- Antibody drug conjugate (1)
- Antibody light chain (1)
- Antibody purification (1)
- Antibody quantification (1)
- Antibody screening (1)
- Antibody subclass (1)
- Antibody-gated indicator delivery (1)
- Antibody-gated indicator delivery systems (1)
- Antibody-gated materials (1)
- Aorta (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis AAAA (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis aaaa (1)
- Aromatische Aminosäureanalytik (1)
- Array (1)
- Atherosclerotic plaques (1)
- Atmospheric aerosol (1)
- Augenbohne (1)
- Automated Purification (1)
- Aviation (1)
- BCA (1)
- BCA test (1)
- Back-side integration (1)
- Bacterial lysates (1)
- Basic solvent (1)
- Bead-based-assay (1)
- Benchmarking study (1)
- Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (1)
- Bet v 1 (1)
- Betula pendula (1)
- Binder (1)
- Binding molecule (1)
- Bio-gated hybrid materials (1)
- Biochemische Sensoren (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Bioconjugates (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Biosensing (1)
- Birch pollen allergen (1)
- Block copolymer (1)
- Blood (1)
- Bombs (1)
- Border surveillance (1)
- Borosilicate Glass (1)
- Borosilicatglas (1)
- Borosilikatglas (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (1)
- Bradford (1)
- Bradford-Assay (1)
- CCMV (1)
- CMOS (1)
- CMOS camera (1)
- Cardiac troponin (1)
- CardioMet (1)
- Cardiovascular (1)
- Cardiovascular diseases (1)
- Carrier protein (1)
- Carrier-Material (1)
- Ceruloplasmin (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chelate (1)
- Chemical protein modification (1)
- Chemiluminescence (1)
- Chemosensor (1)
- Chicken antibodies (1)
- Chip-Screening (1)
- Chronic kidney disease (1)
- Citation (1)
- Citizen Science (1)
- Cleavage (1)
- Clinical samples (1)
- Cmos (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collision induced dissociation (CID) (1)
- Colorchanging Particles (1)
- Column holder (1)
- Combinatorial library (1)
- Combinatorial polymer libraries (1)
- Combinatorial screening (1)
- Combustion (1)
- Commercialization (1)
- Compartmentalization (1)
- Competitive Immunoassay (1)
- Compound-independent calibration (1)
- Concentration step (1)
- Confiscation (1)
- Conformation (1)
- Conjugates (1)
- Construction (1)
- Continuous Sensor (1)
- Copper-catalyzed (1)
- Corona virus (1)
- Coronavirus (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Covalent conjugation (1)
- Crossreactivity (1)
- Customs (1)
- Cyclisierung (1)
- Cytoplasm (1)
- DHAP (1)
- DLS (1)
- DM1 (1)
- Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (1)
- Data analysis (1)
- De novo peptide sequencing (1)
- Deep learning-based tools (1)
- Delivery system (1)
- Dendrimer (1)
- Derivatization (1)
- Detection (1)
- Diagnostic (1)
- Diagnostic Antibodies (1)
- Diagnostic antibodies (1)
- Diclofenac (1)
- Diesel exhaust (1)
- Digestion (1)
- Digital immunoassay (1)
- Dimerization (1)
- Diode laser (1)
- Dip-stick assay (1)
- Dityrosine crosslinking (1)
- Docking (1)
- Double strands (1)
- Down Stream Processing (1)
- Downstream Processing (1)
- Drohne (1)
- Druckstabilität (1)
- Drug (1)
- Drug search (1)
- Drug trafficking (1)
- Drug transporters (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Duftstoffe (1)
- Durchflusszytometrie (1)
- Dust sensor (1)
- Dy-654 (1)
- E. coli (1)
- ECL (1)
- EDTAD (1)
- EMPIR (1)
- EP-3533 (1)
- ESEM (1)
- ESI MS (1)
- ESMA (1)
- Editorial (1)
- Elastin (1)
- Elastin-specific contrast agent ESMA (1)
- Elastin-specific molecular agent (1)
- Element Specific Bioimaging Using Laser Ablation (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Enantiomeric excess ee (1)
- Encapsulation (1)
- Enhancement (1)
- Enrichment (1)
- Environmental Monitoring (1)
- Environmental pollutants (1)
- Enzyme (1)
- Epifluorescence (1)
- Epoxy (1)
- Error correction (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (1)
- Etofenprox (1)
- Evanescent wave (1)
- Exhaust (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Explosiven (1)
- Explosives (1)
- Explosives determination (1)
- Expression (1)
- Fab Fragment (1)
- False Positives (1)
- Festphasenextraktion (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Flow injection immunoassay (1)
- Flowcell (1)
- Fluorescence label (1)
- Fluoreszenz (1)
- Formulation additives (1)
- Fragment (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Gadolinium-based contrast agent (1)
- Gadovist (1)
- Gas Tomography (1)
- Gated hybrid material (1)
- Gated materials (1)
- Gd-DOTA (1)
- Gesteuerten Nanopartikeln (1)
- Ggadolinium (1)
- Github (1)
- Glasmonolith (1)
- Glass (1)
- Glass Support (1)
- Gold particles (1)
- Gold-Nanopartikel (1)
- Grass pollen (1)
- Größenausschlusschromatographie (1)
- HMX (1)
- Halomonas elongata (1)
- Hapten Immunoassay (1)
- Hard protein corona (1)
- Hay fever (1)
- Hazard Detection (1)
- Hazardous substances (1)
- Heart attack (1)
- Heavy chains (1)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (1)
- Heterologous hapten (1)
- HexaHis-Tag (1)
- High pH (1)
- High-Speed (1)
- High-Speed Separations (1)
- High-throughput (1)
- Highspeed (1)
- His6 (1)
- His8 (1)
- Histidine (1)
- Hochdurchsatzscreening (1)
- Horizon 2020 (1)
- Human Plasma (1)
- Human antibodies (1)
- Human antibody (1)
- Human plasma (1)
- Human serum albumin (1)
- Hydrochloric acid (1)
- Hyperbranched polymer (1)
- IC50 (1)
- IMAC purification (1)
- IgE (1)
- IgG determination (1)
- IgY (1)
- Igg (1)
- Iinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1)
- Illicit drug (1)
- Illumina (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- Immunglobulin (1)
- Immunglobuline (1)
- Immunoaffinity (1)
- Immunoassays (1)
- Immunochemical response optimization (1)
- Immunoglobulin E (1)
- Immunometric assay (1)
- Immunometric biosensor (1)
- Immunpräzipitation (1)
- Impact (1)
- In-vivo (1)
- Inductively Coupled Mass Spectroscopy (1)
- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (1)
- Inductively‑coupled mass spectrometry (1)
- Inhibition (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Internal standard (1)
- Internal standards (1)
- International drug trade (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- Iron deficiency (1)
- Isotope dilution (1)
- Java GUI (1)
- Kjeldahl (1)
- Klon A1.1.1 (1)
- Klon EW75C (1)
- Kolorimetrische Sensoren (1)
- Korrelationsmatrix (1)
- Kreuzreaktion (1)
- LC-MS/MS peptide quantification (1)
- LC-UV absorbance (1)
- LFIA (1)
- LIF (1)
- Lab on a Chip (1)
- Lab on a chip (1)
- Lab-on-a-Chip (1)
- Lab-on-chip (1)
- Label (1)
- Ladder sequencing (1)
- Laser (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (1)
- Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-Induced Plasma (1)
- Laser-induced fluorescence (1)
- Laser-induced plasma (1)
- Lateral flow immunoassays (1)
- Lateral flow test (1)
- Latex particles (1)
- Library (1)
- Light chain (1)
- Light chains (1)
- Liquid chromatography (1)
- Locked nucleic acids (1)
- MALDI-TOF (1)
- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (1)
- MMAE (1)
- MR Angiography (1)
- MR imaging (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Macrophages (1)
- Magnetic beads (1)
- Mass spectroscopy (MS) (1)
- Material-binding Peptides (1)
- Medicine (1)
- Mertansine (1)
- Mesoporous particles (1)
- Metal complex (1)
- Microfluidic system (1)
- Micrometeorites (1)
- Microresonator (1)
- Mikroparticles (1)
- Miller and Urey (1)
- Missing fragmentation sites (1)
- Mobile Robotic Olfaction (1)
- Molecular MRI (1)
- Molecular marker (1)
- Molecular-MRI (1)
- Monoclonal Antibody (1)
- Monolithic material (1)
- Monomethyl Auristatin E (1)
- Multiplex (1)
- Multiplexing (1)
- Murchison meteorite (1)
- Mutationen (1)
- NIST (1)
- NIST-mAb 8671 (1)
- NMR (1)
- NaCl-Methode (1)
- Nanobody (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Nanodiamant (1)
- Nanophotonics (1)
- Nanoscience (1)
- Narcotics (1)
- Neoallergen (1)
- Neoepitopes (1)
- Neutralisierende Antikörper (1)
- Next Generation Sequencing (1)
- Nickel chelate (1)
- Nitroaromaten (1)
- Nitromoschus (1)
- Nonspecific binding (NSB) (1)
- Nucleocapsid (1)
- Nucleocapsid-Protein (1)
- OBOC (1)
- Oligomerization (1)
- Oligonucleotide fragmentation (1)
- On-chip screening (1)
- One-bead-one-compound library (1)
- Online (1)
- Online biosensor (1)
- Online detection (1)
- Online fluorescence (1)
- Online software (1)
- Open science (1)
- Optical detection (1)
- Optoelectronic (1)
- Osmotic minipumps (1)
- Ozone (1)
- PETN (1)
- PIC technology (1)
- Paint (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Pattern recognition receptor (1)
- Payload (1)
- Peak overlap (1)
- Peer review (1)
- Peptid-Aptamer (1)
- Peptid-Synthese (1)
- Peptidbibliothek (1)
- Peptidbibliotheken (1)
- Peptide aptamers (1)
- Peptide binder (1)
- Peptide coverage (1)
- Peptide folding (1)
- Peptide library screening (1)
- Peptide losses (1)
- Peptide probe (1)
- Peptidsequenzierung (1)
- Periodate oxidation (1)
- Periplasma (1)
- Pesticide (1)
- Phage Display (1)
- Pharmaceutical (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phenothrin (1)
- Phenylketonuria (1)
- Phl p 5 (1)
- Phleum pratense (1)
- Phosphonic acids (1)
- Photonic Integrated Circuits (1)
- Photonic Sensor (1)
- Photonic biosensor (1)
- Plant virus (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Point-Of-Care-Diagnostics (1)
- Polishing (1)
- Pollen extract (1)
- Polyclonal Antibodies (1)
- Polyethylene Glycol (1)
- Polyethylene glycol (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer-binding Peptides (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Porous rock (1)
- Prebiotic chemistry (1)
- Precision Profile (1)
- Precision polymer sequencing (1)
- Preprocessing (1)
- Primer (1)
- Primordial soup (1)
- Probe (1)
- Protein Purification (1)
- Protein a (1)
- Protein content (1)
- Protein degradation (1)
- Protein folding (1)
- Protein g (1)
- Protein immobilization (1)
- Protein interaction (1)
- Protein oligomerization (1)
- Protein oligomers (1)
- Protein test (1)
- Proteinoid (1)
- Präzisionsprofil (1)
- Pseudo peptides (1)
- Purity (1)
- Pyrethroid (1)
- Pyrethroids detection (1)
- QC (1)
- RASEM (1)
- RDX (1)
- Racemate (1)
- Raid test (1)
- Rapid test (1)
- Real-time measurement (1)
- Recombinant Antibody (1)
- Recombinant antibody (1)
- Recombinant protein (1)
- Recovery (1)
- References (1)
- Reinigung (1)
- Rekombinante Antikörper (1)
- Remote detection (1)
- Replication (1)
- Replication crisis (1)
- Resonance wavelength shift (1)
- Ring resonators (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Robustness (1)
- Round robin exercise (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- SALSA (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody (1)
- SBA-16 (1)
- SI traceability (1)
- Sanger sequencing (1)
- Saure Hydrolyse (1)
- Schlangenbohne (1)
- Schnelltests (1)
- Scientific publication (1)
- Security (1)
- Segregation (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (1)
- Self-assembly (1)
- Sensor network (1)
- Separation (1)
- Sequence-defined oligomer (1)
- Sequencing algorithm (1)
- Sequenzierung (1)
- Silicon Photonics (1)
- Single molecule (1)
- Sintered Material (1)
- Sintered glass (1)
- Site-selective bioconjugation (1)
- Smartphone readout device (1)
- Sodium chloride method (1)
- Soft protein corona (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Solid support (1)
- Solid-binding Peptides (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solubilizer (1)
- Source Localization (1)
- Specific probe (1)
- Spike protein (1)
- Stabilization (1)
- Stationäre Phase (1)
- Sulfur (1)
- Sulfuric acid (1)
- Supernatant (1)
- Surface Activation (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Surface derivatization (1)
- Surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Surfaces (1)
- Surrogate citations (1)
- TATP (1)
- TEM (1)
- TLR4 activation (1)
- Target (1)
- Terephthalic acid (1)
- Terrorism (1)
- Test strip (1)
- Test strip analysis (1)
- Tetracyclin (1)
- Therapeutic Antibodies (1)
- Therapeutic antibodies (1)
- Tholins (1)
- Titan-Halterung (1)
- Toll-like receptor 4 (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Topical collection: Analytical Methods and Applications in the Materials and Life Sciences (1)
- Toxin (1)
- Trennung (1)
- Trinitro (1)
- Trinitrotoluol (1)
- Trust (1)
- Tryptic digest (1)
- Tryptophan (1)
- Tumor (1)
- Type-I pyrethroids (1)
- UHPLC-MS/MS (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Ultrasensitive (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Vernetzung (1)
- Vhh (1)
- Vigna unguiculata (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Vor-Ort-Analytik (1)
- Waveguide (1)
- Wipe test (1)
- ZIF (1)
- Zenodo (1)
- biokompatibel (1)
- gesintert (1)
- self-replication (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 1.5 Proteinanalytik (127)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (125)
- 1.9 Chemische und optische Sensorik (16)
- 1.8 Umweltanalytik (13)
- 6 Materialchemie (11)
- 1.1 Anorganische Spurenanalytik (10)
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik (10)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (9)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (7)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (5)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (9)
Homochirality is an obvious feature of life on Earth. On the other hand, extraterrestrial samples contain largely racemic compounds. The same is true for any common organic synthesis. Therefore, it has been a perplexing puzzle for decades how these racemates could have formed enantiomerically enriched fractions as a basis for the origin of homochiral life forms. Numerous hypotheses have been put forward as to how preferentially homochiral molecules could have formed and accumulated on Earth. In this article, it is shown that homochirality of the abiotic organic pool at the time of formation of the first self-replicating molecules is not necessary and not even probable. It is proposed to abandon the notion of a molecular ensemble and to focus on the level of individual molecules. Although the formation of the first self-replicating, most likely homochiral molecule, is a seemingly improbable event, on a closer look, it is almost inevitable that some homochiral molecules have formed simply on a statistical basis. In this case, the non-selective leap to homochirality would be one of the first steps in chemical evolution directly out of a racemic “ocean”. Moreover, most studies focus on the chirality of the primordial monomers with respect to an asymmetric carbon atom. However, any polymer with a minimal size that allows folding to a secondary structure would spontaneously lead to asymmetric higher structures (conformations). Most of the functions of these polymers would be influenced by this inherently asymmetric folding. Furthermore, a concept of physical compartmentalization based on rock nanopores in analogy to nanocavities of digital immunoassays is introduced to suggest that complex cell walls or membranes were also not required for the first steps of chemical evolution. To summarize, simple and universal mechanisms may have led to homochiral self-replicating systems in the context of chemical evolution. A homochiral monomer pool is deemed unnecessary and probably never existed on primordial Earth.
Homochirality is an obvious feature of life on Earth. On the other hand, extraterrestrial samples contain largely racemic compounds. The same is true for any common organic synthesis. Therefore, it has been a perplexing puzzle for decades how these racemates could have formed enantiomerically enriched fractions as a basis for the origin of homochiral life forms. Numerous hypotheses have been put forward as to how preferentially homochiral molecules could have formed and accumulated on Earth. In this article, it is shown that homochirality of the abiotic organic pool at the time of formation of the first self-replicating molecules is not necessary and not even probable. It is proposed to abandon the notion of a molecular ensemble and to focus on the level of individual molecules. Although the formation of the first self-replicating, most likely homochiral molecule is a seemingly improbable event, on a closer look, it is almost inevitable that homochiral molecules have formed simply on a statistical basis. In this case, the non-selective leap to homochirality would be one of the first steps in chemical evolution directly out of a racemic “ocean”. Moreover, most studies focus on the chirality of the primordial monomers with respect to an asymmetric carbon atom. However, any polymer with a minimal size that allows folding to a secondary structure, would spontaneously lead to asymmetric higher structures (conformations). Most of the functions of these polymers would be influenced by this inherently asymmetric folding. To summarize, simple and universal mechanisms may have led to homochiral self-replicating systems in the context of chemical evolution. A homochiral monomer pool is deemed unnecessary and probably never existed on primordial Earth.
Communities worldwide face significant threats from Explosive Remnants of War (ERW), which endanger lives and restrict land usage. From forest fires due to ERWs or in ERW-contaminated areas (e.g., in Jüterbog, Germany) to broader global challenges (e.g., the Ukrainian conflict), the need for efficient detection and removal of these remnants, especially for humanitarian demining, is paramount. Traditional methods, like manual demining, have severe limitations in safety and efficiency. Here, we introduce an innovative solution to these challenges: “Chemosensing Smart Dust.” This technology uses chemoselective dyes that change their fluorescence properties when exposed to explosives like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Fluorescence-based detection offers superior sensitivity, reduced likelihood of false positives, and enhanced accuracy of explosive detection. Drones, equipped with excitation lasers or LEDs, deploy the Chemosensing Smart Dust over areas of interest and actively detect the fluorescence changes using high-resolution cameras, offering a rapid, safe, and adaptable detection method. Beyond demining, this innovative approach has potential applications in monitoring polluted areas, homeland security, and emergency response.
Antikörper sind in der medizinischen Welt nicht mehr wegzudenken. Ihr Einsatz-Repertoire als Therapeutika für die Behandlung diverser Krankheiten und Infektionen weitet sich von Jahr zu Jahr mehr aus. Dabei basiert ein Großteil der verwendeten Antikörper zu diesem Zeitpunkt auf monoklonalen Antikörpern auf Basis von Hybridomazellen. Doch hier könnten rekombinante Antikörper aufgrund ihrer Vektor-basierten Expression eine vielversprechende und womöglich sogar revolutionierende Alternative bieten. So ergeben sich neue Optimierungsoptionen für Merkmale wie Affinität, Stabilität und Kompatibilität über Anpassungen auf genetischer oder posttranslationaler Ebene. Allerdings ergibt sich kein Anwendungszweck ohne die vorhergehende detaillierte Charakterisierung der Antikörper. Denn nur mit spezifischem Wissen über die diversen Eigenschaften und Wechselwirkungen kann eine effektive und präzise Verwendung in der Diagnostik und Therapeutik gewährleistet werden und auf diese Weise Leben retten.
Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich diese Masterarbeit mit der Vertiefung der rekombinanten Antikörper-Thematik. Dazu soll ein Anti-Tetanus-Antikörper erstmals rekombinant in verschiedenen Zelllinien hergestellt und anschließend über umfangreiche analytische Verfahren mit einem Fokus auf die Einflussanalyse der unterschiedlichen posttranslationalen Glykosylierungen charakterisiert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden als Grundlage einerseits zwei P1316-Dual-Expressions-Vektoren mit variierenden Insert-Positionen der schweren und leichten Kette durch Gibson-Assembly sowie individuellen pRK5-Plasmide für eine separiert Expression der Antikkörperketten mithilfe Restriktionsfragment-Ligation generiert. In einer Gegenüberstellung der der Expressionsausbeuten stellte sich die Überlegenheit der P1316-Plasmid-Konfiguration heraus, in der das Leichtketten-Insert an der ersten Expressionsstelle positioniert ist. Deshalb wurde dieser Vektor als Ausgangspunkt für die anschließende hochskalierten Herstellung des Anti-Tetanus-Antikörpers in Expi293F-GnTI- und ExpiCHO-S-Zellen verwendet. Ein ELISA bestätigte die Bindungsaktivität der rekombinanten Antikörper am Tetanus-Toxoid unabhängig vom Expressionssystem. Nach einer folgenden Optimierung der für die Aufreinigung verwendeten Protein-A-Affinitätschromatographie, wurde über weitere Charakterisierungsmethoden wie Größenausschlusschromatographie und dynamische Lichtstreuung eine vergleichbare Aggregation aufgrund der sauren Elution aufgezeigt. In diesem Kontext wurde die Notwendigkeit einer Zweistufen-Präparation mit Affinitäts- und Größenausschlusschromatografie für den Erhalt monodisperser Proben verdeutlicht. Zudem wurden die verschiedenen intakten Massen mitsamt ihrer spezifischen Glykan-abhängigen Streumaßen in Relation zum monoklonalen NISTmAB-Referenzantikörper bestimmt. Dabei konnte den Erwartungen nach sowohl die geringere Masse als auch die uniformere Glykosylierung der in Expi293 GnTI- exprimierten Immunoglobuline in Relation zum ExpiCHO-S-Antikörper nachgewiesen werden. Anschließend wurde das Stabilitätsverhalten mittels thermischer Entfaltung und dynamischer Lichtstreuung über einen ausgeweiteten Zeitraum sowie verschiedenen Temperaturen dokumentiert. Grundlegend wurde eine höhere thermische Stabilität der zweiten konstanten Schwerketten-Domäne des aus ExpiCHO-S-Zellen stammenden Antikörpers nachgewiesen. Außerdem konnte eine problemlose Lagerungsfähigkeit beider unterschiedlich glykosylierter Antikörper bei Raumtemperatur für mindestens 4 Wochen festgestellt werden. Des Weiteren wurde die Langzeitlagerung im Rahmen der Auswirkung von Gefrier-Auftau-Zyklen mit gleichbleibenden Methoden sowie zusätzlicher Größenausschlusschromatographie erprobt. Hierbei stellte sich der Erhalt der strukturellen Integrität nach bis zu 15 Zyklen heraus. Allerdings geht die Monodispersität bereits nach wenigen Zyklen verloren, wobei die geringfügiger glykosylierten Expi293F-GnTI-Anti-Tetanus-Antikörper eine stärkere Beeinträchtigung durch multiple Gefrier-Auftau-Zyklen aufwiesen.
We introduce a passive smart dust concept as a novel solution for environmental monitoring. Utilizing chemical reagents like colorimetric indicators and other chemosensors, these particles detect varying environmental conditions. We developed paper-based sensors that are both cost-effective and eco-friendly. In practical tests, these sensors, dispersed over a designated area, successfully identified hazardous substances by changing their color when exposed to acids or bases. This color change was remotely detectable using a drone-mounted color camera. The data thus obtained was processed through specialized software, accurately pinpointing areas of contamination. This method proves the efficacy and scalability of passive smart dust technology for real-time, environmentally sustainable remote sensing of hazardous materials
Use/distribution of cost-effective and biocompatible pieces of cellulose paper as passive optical chemosensors and readout by the camera system.
Modification of the paper surface using various chemically sensitive dyes (indicators) provides an optically detectable reaction and conclusions about the target substances and precise location.
Comprehensive evaluation of peptide de novo sequencing tools for monoclonal antibody assembly
(2023)
Monoclonal antibodies are biotechnologically produced proteins with various applications in research, therapeutics and diagnostics. Their ability to recognize and bind to specific molecule structures makes them essential research tools and therapeutic agents. Sequence information of antibodies is helpful for understanding antibody–antigen interactions and ensuring their affinity and specificity. De novo protein sequencing based on mass spectrometry is a valuable method to obtain the amino acid sequence of peptides and proteins without a priori knowledge. In this study, we evaluated six recently developed de novo peptide sequencing algorithms (Novor, pNovo 3, DeepNovo, SMSNet, PointNovo and Casanovo), which were not specifically designed for antibody data. We validated their ability to identify and assemble antibody sequences on three multi-enzymatic data sets. The deep learning-based tools Casanovo and PointNovo showed an increased peptide recall across different enzymes and data sets compared with spectrum-graph-based approaches. We evaluated different error types of de novo peptide sequencing tools and their performance for different numbers of missing cleavage sites, noisy spectra and peptides of various lengths. We achieved a sequence coverage of 97.69–99.53% on the light chains of three different antibody data sets using the de Bruijn assembler ALPS and the predictions from Casanovo. However, low sequence coverage and accuracy on the heavy chains demonstrate that complete de novo protein sequencing remains a challenging issue in proteomics that requires improved de novo error correction, alternative digestion strategies and hybrid approaches such as homology search to achieve high accuracy on long protein sequences.
Chemical modification by peroxynitrite enhances TLR4 activation of the grass pollen allergen Phl p 5
(2023)
The chemical modification of aeroallergens by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) may contribute to the growing prevalence of respiratory allergies in industrialized countries. Post-translational modifications can alter the immunological properties of proteins, but the underlying mechanisms and effects are not well understood. In this study, we investigate the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation of the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5, and how the physiological oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO–) changes the TLR4 activation through protein nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers. Of the two allergens, Bet v 1 exhibited no TLR4 activation, but we found TLR4 activation of Phl p 5, which increased after modification with ONOO– and may play a role in the sensitization against this grass pollen allergen. We attribute the TLR4 activation mainly to the two-domain structure of Phl p 5 which may promote TLR4 dimerization and activation. The enhanced TLR4 signaling of the modified allergen indicates that the ONOO–-induced modifications affect relevant protein-receptor interactions. This may lead to increased sensitization to the grass pollen allergen and thus contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergies in the Anthropocene, the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on the environment.
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a crucial biomarker for diagnosing cardiac vascular diseases, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study presents a proof-of-concept chemiluminescence-based immunosensor for rapid and accurate measurement of cTnI, with the potential for online monitoring. The immunosensor incorporates a flow cell design and a sensitive complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera for optical readout. A microfluidic setup was established to enable selective and quasi-online determination of cTnI within ten minutes. The sensor was tested with recombinant cTnI in phosphate buffer, demonstrating measurements in the concentration range of 2–25 µg/L, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.6 µg/L (23 pmol/L) achieved using the optimized system. The immunosensor exhibited high selectivity, as no cross-reactivity was observed with other recombinant proteins such as cTnT and cTnC at a concentration of 16 µg/L. Measurements with diluted blood plasma and serum yielded an LoD of 60 µg/L (2.4 nmol/L) and 70 µg/L (2.9 nmol/L), respectively. This biosensor offers a promising approach for the rapid and sensitive detection of cTnI, contributing to the diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction and other cardiac vascular diseases.
Constant interactions between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) influence the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). One of the key components of the ECM are collagen fibers, since they are responsible for the tissue stiffness, growth, adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion/metastasis, cell signaling, and immune recruitment of tumor cells. To explore this molecular marker in the content of PCa, we investigated two different tumor volumes (500 mm3 and 1000 mm3) of a xenograft mouse model of PCa with molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a collagen-specific probe. For in vivo MRI evaluation, T1-weighted sequences before and after probe administration were analyzed. No significant signal difference between the two tumor volumes could be found. However, we detected a significant difference between the signal intensity of the peripheral tumor area and the central area of the tumor, at both 500 mm3 (p < 0.01, n = 16) and at 1000 mm3 (p < 0.01, n = 16). The results of our histologic analyses confirmed the in vivo studies: There was no significant difference in the amount of collagen between the two tumor volumes (p > 0.05), but within the tumor, higher collagen expression was observed in the peripheral area compared with the central area of the tumor. Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry further confirmed these results. The 1000 mm3 tumors contained 2.8 +- 1.0% collagen and the 500 mm3 tumors contained 3.2 +- 1.2% (n = 16). There was a strong correlation between the in vivo MRI data and the ex vivo histological data (y = 0.068x + 1.1; R2 = 0.74) (n = 16). The results of elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry supported the MRI data (y = 3.82x + 0.56; R2 = 0.79; n = 7). MRI with the collagen-specific probe in PCa enables differentiation between different tumor areas. This may help to differentiate tumor from healthy tissue, potentially identifying tumor areas with a specific tumor biology.