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Organisationseinheit der BAM
The present work is intended to make a contribution to the monitoring of civil engineering structures. The detection of damage to structures is based on the evaluation of spatially and temporally distributed hybrid measurements. The acquired data can be evaluated purely geometrically or physically. It is preferable to do the latter, since the cause of damage can be determined by means of geometrical-physical laws in order to be able to intervene in time and ensure the further use of the structures. For this reason, the continuum mechanical field equations in conjunction with the finite element method and hybrid measurements are combined into a single evaluation method by the adjustment calculation. This results in two challenges.
The first task deals with the relationship between the finite element method and the method of least squares. The finite element method solves certain problem classes, which are described by a system of elliptical partial differential equations. Whereas the method of least squares solves another class of problems, which is formulated as an overdetermined system of equations. The striking similarity between both methods is known since many decades. However, it remains unresolved why this resemblance exists. The contribution is to clarify this by examining the variational calculus, especially with regard to its methodological procedure. Although the well-known Gauss-Markov model within the method of least squares and the finite element method solve inherently different problem classes, it is shown that both methods can be derived by following the same methodological steps of the variational calculus. From a methodical viewpoint, this implies that both methods are not only similar, but actually the same. In addition, it is pointed out where a possible cross-connection to other methods exists.
The second task introduces a Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis (MeMoS) by integrating the finite element method into the adjustment calculation. It is shown in numerical examinations how this integrated analysis can be used for parameter identification of simple as well as arbitrarily shaped structural components. Based on this, it is examined with which observation types, with which precision and at which location of the structure these measurements must be carried out in order to determine the material parameters as precisely as possible. This serves to determine an optimal and economic measurement set-up. With this integrated analysis, a substitute model of a geometrically complex structure can also be determined. The issue of the detection and localisation of damage within a structure is studied by means of this structural analysis. The Measurement and Model-based Structural Analysis is validated using two different test setups, an aluminum model bridge and a bending beam.
Modelling and simulation of light propagation in non-aged and aged step-index polymer optical fibres
(2005)
This thesis discusses theoretical and practical aspects of modelling of light propagation in non-aged and aged step-index polymer optical fibres (POFs). Special attention has been paid in describing optical characteristics of non-ideal fibres, scattering and attenuation, and in combining application-oriented and theoretical approaches. The precedence has been given to practical issues, but much effort has been also spent on the theoretical analysis of basic mechanisms governing light propagation in cylindrical waveguides. As a result a practically usable general POF model based on the raytracing approach has been developed and implemented. A systematic numerical optimisation of its parameters has been performed to obtain the best fit between simulated and measured optical characteristics of numerous non-aged and aged fibre samples. The model was verified by providing good agreement, especially for the non-aged fibres. The relations found between aging time and optimal values of model parameters contribute to a better understanding of the aging mechanisms of POFs.
Novel fibre optic sensor (FOS) systems maintaining fibre Bragg gratings (FBG) are finding wide application for health monitoring of large-scale structures such as dams, bridges, towers, as well as aircrafts, robots, automotive vehicles, and in composite technology. The principal advantage of such type of sensors is that the measured information is wavelength encoded (an absolute quantity). The main advantages include small size, immunity against electromagnetic field, good resolution, high sensitivity, and possibility to work in adverse environment. Especially small dimensions of the sensor allow its application for investigation of composite materials. The use of sensors enables to get information in areas, where other sensors would affect the structure or the material. On the other hand, it is important to keep signal stability of the sensor to the measured value of interest and obtain reliable data. Intimate embedment produces, however, additional perturbations affecting optical fibre sensor such as general mechanical stress, microbending, bending, and point-wise transverse load, which result in such undesirable sensor signal changes as attenuation, birefringence, spectrum broadening, sideband increasing, or small wavelength shift. No reliable knowledge about those effects and their consequences to the measured signal could be found in literature. This lack of knowledge led to the motivation of this work. The thesis discusses behaviour of uniform short-period fibre Bragg grating signal under before mentioned perturbing influences. The main accent is made onto theoretical and experimental study of additional mechanical perturbations: point-wise transverse indentation, and microbending, arising at sensor operation depending on the grating integration type and measurement purpose. Response of this type of gratings (unapplied and integrated in/on the object to be mesaured) to the axial strain and composite-integrated gratings to the temperature is also investigated. Problems arising from the sensor fixing on/in the object to be measured are considered.
The present work is intended to make a contribution to the monitoring of civil engineering structures. The detection of damage to structures is based on the evaluation of spatially and temporally distributed hybrid measurements. The acquired data can be evaluated purely geometrically or physically. It is preferable to do the latter, since the cause of damage can be determined by means of geometrical-physical laws in order to be able to intervene in time and ensure the further use of the structures. For this reason, the continuum mechanical field equations in conjunction with the finite element method and hybrid measurements are combined into a single evaluation method by the adjustment calculation. This results in two challenges.
The first task deals with the relationship between the finite element method and the method of least squares. The finite element method solves certain problem classes, which are described by a system of elliptical partial differential equations. Whereas the method of least squares solves another class of problems, which is formulated as an overdetermined system of equations. The striking similarity between both methods is known since many decades. However, it remains unresolved why this resemblance exists. The contribution is to clarify this by examining the variational calculus, especially with regard to its methodological procedure. Although the well-known Gauss-Markov model within the method of least squares and the finite element method solve inherently different problem classes, it is shown that both methods can be derived by following the same methodological steps of the variational calculus. From a methodical viewpoint, this implies that both methods are not only similar, but actually the same. In addition, it is pointed out where a possible cross-connection to other methods exists.
The second task introduces a Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis (MeMoS) by integrating the finite element method into the adjustment calculation. It is shown in numerical examinations how this integrated analysis can be used for parameter identification of simple as well as arbitrarily shaped structural components. Based on this, it is examined with which observation types, with which precision and at which location of the structure these measurements must be carried out in order to determine the material parameters as precisely as possible. This serves to determine an optimal and economic measurement set-up. With this integrated analysis, a substitute model of a geometrically complex structure can also be determined. The issue of the detection and localisation of damage within a structure is studied by means of this structural analysis. The Measurement and Model-based Structural Analysis is validated using two different test setups, an aluminum model bridge and a bending beam.