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Since semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including biocides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), occur indoors as well as outdoors, air sampling adsorbents and measuring methods for all these compounds are indispensable. This paper presents the initial steps in the development of such a method, the aim of which is the analysis of selected compounds in the above-mentioned classes using low air sampling volumes and air-exchange rates close to zero, as is common in museum showcases. For measurements under easily controlled conditions, a micro-chamber system was used at different temperatures. A surface modified styrene divinylbenzene (SDVB) polymer was selected as the air sampling adsorbent for the elution experiments. After successfully performing pretests using the micro-chamber system with target compound solutions, the emissions of these compounds from self-soaked wood samples and con-taminated wood samples were investigated for method development.
Correlation of aldehyde emissions and fatty acids content in pine wood and oriented strand boards
(2011)
Indoor air quality is important for human health and comfort. To ensure good indoor air quality contamination by volatile organic compounds (VOC) should be minimised. The aim of the project is the reduction of unsaturated aldehydes which can emit from oriented Strand boards (OSB): These aldehydes have an impact on the health based evaluation of emissions from products for indoor use according to the AgBB (Ausschuss zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten, Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products) scheine (AgBB 2010). The model OSB were produced in a pilot plant using well known raw materials (Pinus sylvestris at different trunk heights) under using various processing parameters (Wilke et al. 2011).
OSB emit predominantly monoterpenes and aldehydes. Aldehydes are oxidation products of fatty acids in wood. The conditions which affect the oxidation process are the fatty acid concentration and composition, the oxygen content, the sample surface and the presence of compounds which indicate, inhibit or stop the oxidation respectively. The oxidation rate rises with an increasing number of double bounds in the fatty acid, e.g. the oxidation rate between oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid correspond to 1:12:24. One of the most important products of fatty acid oxidation is hexanal. It is generated during the oxidation of linoleic acid. This study shows a direct correlation between aldehyde emission and oxidation, hexanal can be used as an indicator for oxidation.
Ausstellungskuratoren, Restauratoren oder Fachplaner stehen immer wieder vor der Entscheidung, geeignete Materialien für Museumsausstattungen auswählen zu müssen. Vitrinen, Depoteinrichtungen, aber auch Transportverpackungen für Kunst- und Kulturgut sollten unbedingt frei von Schadstoffen sein. Ein neues Verfahren ermöglicht nun eine problemorientierte Untersuchung und Bewertung von Materialien mit belastbaren und reproduzierbaren Ergebnissen.
Several construction and building materials, including wood, glue and coatings, are possible sources of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like formic and acetic acid. Due to very high air tightness and very low air exchange rates in new buildings concentrations of these harmful substances can increase considerably. To minimize the risk, emissions from building products should be identified and quantified. With the common standard method, this means Tenax® sampling followed by thermal desorption and GC-MS analysis, these acids could not be detected sufficiently. The aim oft this study is the comparison of two different methods for the determination of acetic and formic acid. The sampling of method one, which is usually used for identification and quantification of VOCs, is done in accordance with ISO 16000-6 and ISO 16017-1 on Carbotrap® 202 multi-bed thermal desorption tube by subsequent identification and quantification with GC-MS. Method two is based on sampling on 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges, derivatisation, elution, identification and quantification of the derivatives with LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry).
Formic and acetic acids are often responsible for damage of cultural objects, e. g. glass and metal corrosion or changing and fading of colours. Museums all around the world are equipped with different show cases. Display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical damage. Several construction materials which are used for display cases, including wood, glue and coatings, are possible sources of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These construction products can emit formic and acetic acids into the indoor or display case air. Modern display cases with small air change rates can cause higher concentrations of formic and acetic acids if any source is installed in the display case (Salthammer and Uhde, 2009). To minimize the risk of damage emissions from building products must be quantified. There is a need for a method for identification and quantification of acetic and formic acid. Some possibilities for the identification of acetic acid exist. The quantification of acetic acid for example after sampling on TENAX® or CARBOTRAP and thermal desorption-GC in accordance with ISO 16000-6 and ISO 16017-1 results in very low recovery rates. A new method should be stabile, robust, reproducible and comparable, with an easy local sampling and determination in laboratories. Miniaturised emission test chambers and model display cases were used to study the recovery rates.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found indoors have the potential to affect human health. Typical sources include building materials, furnishings, cleaning agents, etc. To address this risk, chemical emission testing is used to assess the potential of different materials to pollute indoor air. One objective of the European Joint Research Project 'MACPoll' (Metrology for Chemical Pollutants in Air) aims at developing and testing a reference material for the quality control of the emission testing procedure. Furthermore, it would enable comparison of measurement results between test laboratories. The heterogeneity of the majority of materials makes it difficult to find a suitable reference sample.
In the present study, styrene, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, N-methyl-α-pyrrolidone, lindane, n-hexadecane, 1,2-dimethyl- and 1,2-di-n-butyl-phthalate were added to 12 commercially available lacquers (6 alkyd and 6 acrylic polymer based lacquers) serving as carrier substrate. After homogenization, the mixtures were loaded into a Markes Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor (µ-CTE) for curing and investigation of the emission behavior for each compound. For almost all of the investigated chemicals, the preferred glossy acrylic lacquer showed emissions that were reproducible with a variation of less than 20% RSD. Such lacquer systems have therefore been shown to be good candidates for use as reference materials in inter-laboratory studies.