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- Deponieverordnung (4)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 6 Materialchemie (4)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (3)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (2)
- 5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation (2)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (2)
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik (2)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (2)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (2)
- 5.2 Metallische Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe (1)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (1)
To start the large-scale deployment of offshore wind in German waters, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) supports the offshore test site "alpha ventus" in the North Sea with a research budget of about 50 million Euro in the next years. The overall objective of the research is to reduce the costs of offshore wind energy deployment in deep water. In order to provide all participating research projects with detailed data, the test site will be equipped with extensive measurement instrumentation.
This research initiative was named RAVE Research at Alpha VEntus and consists of a variety of projects in connection with the installation and operation of alpha ventus. As part of the RAVE initiative, so far the participating institutes and companies have prepared projects on the following topics:
Realization of the joint measurements and data management
Analysis of loads, modelling and further development of the different components of offshore wind turbines
Loads at offshore foundations and structures
Further development of LIDAR wind measuring techniques
Grid integration of offshore wind energy
Monitoring of the offshore wind energy deployment in Germany "Offshore WMEP"
Measurement of the operating noises and modelling of the sound propagation between tower and water
Ecologic research
In Germany the BAM-List Requirements for Tanks for the Transport of Dangerous
Goods is the basis for substance-related prototype approvals for tank containers designed for
the carriage of dangerous goods. Such approval is undertaken by the Federal Institute for
Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Compatibility evaluations of selected metallic
material groups as well as of polymeric gasket and lining materials under the influence of
dangerous goods and water-polluting substances are published in section 5 of the BAM-List.
According to the relevant regulations for rail, road and sea transportation a compulsory
internal inspection after certain intervals is required. The required corrosion resistance
depends on the length of the inspection interval.
There is a large number of dangerous goods with a high corrosivity to metals, where the standard
steels are not corrosion resistant. Chemical companies, transportation providers and tank
producers need tanks made of corrosion-resistant materials in order to protect the tank shell
and prevent contamination of high-value cargo as well as the environment. One solution is to
line the tank with a polymeric material, an alternative solution to corrosion problems is the
application of high-alloyed materials.
Only a narrow limited number of corrosion test results of these high-alloyed materials under
the influence of corrosive dangerous goods are available. In order to change this situation and
include the superaustenitic steels X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7 (Alloy 926), X1NiCrMoCu32-28-7
(Alloy 31) and the nickel-based alloy NiCr23Mo16Al (Alloy 59) in the BAM-List, BAM,
IKS Dresden and ThyssenKrupp VDM started an comprehensive test program with welded
specimens made. The program comprises corrosion resistance evaluations of the high-alloyed
materials in substances representing 12 major groups of corrosive dangerous goods (e.g.
inorganic halogenides, organic acidic halogenides, halogenic carbonic acids, chlorosilanes,
chlorates, perchlorates, chlorites, hypochlorites and hydrogen sulphates).
The test results, presented in this paper, will be included in the upcoming 8th edition of the
BAM-List and therefore available for the costumer.
Use of Corrosion Resistant High-Alloyed Metallic Materials for Transport Tanks of Dangerous Goods
(2005)
To properly understand and assess the long-term behaviour of geosynthetic materials it is necessary to investigate the various types of possible degradation mechanims. This includes both chemical and mechanical behaviour, and sometimes even their interactions with one another. Clearly, chemical degradation of geosynthetics depends on the polymer type. For example, polyolefins are vulnerable to oxidation; polyesters are susceptible to hydrolysis; and plasticizers can leach from polyvinyl chloride. This paper describes the concept of these three types of degradation, but focuses on the oxidation of polyolefins since the majority of the geosynthetics is made from this type of polymer. The methods used to predict the lifetime of antioxidants and service life of the geosynthetic material will be illustrated. Furthermore, the influence of temperature, pressure, and ultraviolet light on the service life are also demonstrated. Finally, the current specifications targeting the longevity of different geosynthetics are presented.
Regarding mechanical degradation, the paper mainly focuses upon the creep deformation of geogrids and stress crack resistance (SCR) of polyethylene geomembranes and geopipe. The method to assess stress crack resistance is described, and the microscopic mechanisms that lead to such failure are explained. For creep evaluation, different acceleration tests are presented and their applicability with respect to the different types of polymers is illustrated. In addition, the long-term shear behaviour of geocomposites and geosynthetic clay liners is presented.
A new type of test sample for the determination of lateral resolution in surface analysis is presented. The certified reference material BAM-L002 Nanoscale strip pattern for length calibration and testing of lateral resolution is an embedded cross-section of epitaxially grown layers of AlxGa1-xAs and InxGa1-xAs on GaAs substrate. The surface of the sample provides a flat pattern with strip widths of 0.4-500 nm. The combination of gratings, isolated narrow strips and sharp edges of wide strips offers improved possibilities for the calibration of a length scale, the determination of lateral resolution and the optimization of instrument settings. The feasibility of the reference material for an analysis of lateral resolution is demonstrated for SIMS.
Cell cultures form the basis of most biological assays conducted to assess the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials.
Since the molecular environment of nanoparticles exerts influence on their physicochemical properties, it can have an impact on nanotoxicity. Here, toxicity of silica nanoparticles upon delivery by fluid-phase uptake is studied in a 3T3 fibroblast cell line. Based on XTT viability assay, cytotoxicity is shown to be a function of (1) particle concentration and (2) of fetal calf serum (FCS) content in the cell culture medium.
Application of dynamic light scattering shows that both parameters affect particle agglomeration. The DLS Experiments verify the stability of the nanoparticles in culture medium without FCS over a wide range of particle concentrations.
The related toxicity can be mainly accounted for by single silica nanoparticles and small agglomerates. In contrast, agglomeration of silica nanoparticles in all FCS-containing media is observed, resulting in a decrease of the associated toxicity. This result has implications for the evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of silica nanoparticles and possibly also other nanomaterials in standard cell culture.