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Work on standardising methods in the field of animal species differentiation has been intensified in Germany in recent years, not least due to the horsemeat scandal in 2013. Even though there are now hardly ever any positive findings any more in examinations to detect horse adulterations in foods such as lasagne, animal species differentiation altogether ranks high in detecting adulteration of foods. This article therefore summarises the current status of analytical techniques used in Germany with standardisation at German level. It has been established by the working group “Biochemical and Molecular Biological Analytics” of the Lebensmittelchemische Gesellschaft (Food Chemistry Society within the German Chemical Society) with support of experts in the working group “Molecular biology techniques for differentiating plant and animal species” (§ 64 of the German Food and Feed Code – LFGB) and the “Immunology and molecular biology” task force of the food hygiene and Food of animal origin working group (ALTS), both from Germany.
This guideline was drafted following and complementing the norm ISO 22232-2:2020(E) to include air-coupled ultrasonic transducers. This document specifies the characteristics of probes used for non-destructive air-coupled ultrasonic testing with center frequencies above 20 kHz, with focusing or without focusing means.
In an interdisciplinary collaboration, restorers, art historians, and scientists examined Guilio Romano’s The Madonna with the Wash-Basin of 1525 (Dresden State Art Collections). Insights into the painting technique along with art historical comparisons provided the opportunity for a better understanding of the painting’s genesis, in particular concerning an early reworking of the background by the artist. A recovery and reconstruction of the earlier version of the background is now possible. The discovery of zinc in distinct passages of the painting, as well as the grey-black pigment stibnite and glass particles used as a supplement in paint layers are of special interest. The technological investigation initiated a discussion about the circumstances of the revision, as well as the painting’s relation to Vasari’s Lives of Artists.
Zur Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern werden mehrere verschiedene Methoden und Verfahren angewendet. Durch die unterschiedlichen Herangehensweisen werden oft unterschiedliche Prüfkopfpara-meter und Schallfeldgrößen ermittelt, was einen direkten Vergleich von Datenblättern erschwert. Für die Charakterisierung von Kontakt- und Tauchtechnikprüfköpfen hat sich ISO 22232-2:2021 bereits etabliert, allerdings ist diese Norm nicht auf die luftgekoppelten Wandlertechnologien direkt übertragbar. Daher erkannten Hersteller, Forschungseinrichtungen und Anwender den Bedarf an einer Richtlinie zur einheitlichen Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Wandlern. Gemeinsam arbeiten sie aktuell im Rahmen des Unterausschusses „Luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung“ der DGZfP an der Erstellung einer solcher Richtlinie mit dem Anspruch, die bestehende Normung um die luftgekoppelte Prüfung zu erweitern und somit die Vereinheitlichung der Charakterisierung dieser Wandler zu erleichtern.
In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über den geplanten Inhalt der Richtlinie und über die Methoden zur akustischen Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern gegeben. Insbesondere werden verschiedene Methoden der Ermittlung von wichtigen Wandlerparametern wie z.B. Empfindlichkeit, Mittenfrequenz, Bandbreite, Fokusgröße und Fokusabstand dargestellt und verglichen.
The use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for analysis of micro- and nanoparticles is explored, including a brief review of the recent research, both fundamentals and applications, along with new experimental work regarding aerosol particle sampling statistics, analysis of laser ablation particles via aerosol LIBS for matrix effect minimization for bulk solids analysis, and a novel aerosol particle concentration scheme that is suited for near real-time analysis of aerosol nanoparticles. The statistical analysis reveals that the LIBS particle sampling physics are well modeled using Poisson sampling statistics, as based on analysis of calcium-rich ambient air particles. The laser-ablation LIBS (LA-LIBS) methodology was explored for a range of disparate metallic and non-metallic bulk samples, revealing a linear calibration curve for all six samples over the range of relative Mn/Fe mass concentrations. Finally, the microneedle concentration technique for aerosol nanoparticle analysis was successfully demonstrated with linear mass calibration curves for copper-rich nanoparticles. Overall, a fundamental understanding of the plasma–particle physics has enabled the formulation of robust LIBS-based nanoparticle schemes.
Particles produced by previous laser shots may have significant influence on the analytical signal in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma (LA-ICP) spectrometry if they remain close to the position of laser sampling. The effects of these particles on the laser-induced breakdown event are demonstrated in several ways. LIBS-experiments were conducted in an ablation cell at atmospheric conditions in argon or air applying a dual-pulse arrangement with orthogonal pre-pulse, i.e., plasma breakdown in a gas generated by a focussed laser beam parallel and close to the sample surface followed by a delayed crossing laser pulse in orthogonal direction which actually ablates material from the sample and produces the LIBS plasma. The optical emission of the LIBS plasma as well as the absorption of the pre-pulse laser was measured. In the presence of particles in the focus of the pre-pulse laser, the plasma breakdown is affected and more energy of the pre-pulse laser is absorbed than without particles. As a result, the analyte line emission from the LIBS plasma of the second laser is enhanced. It is assumed that the enhancement is not only due to an increase of mass ablated by the second laser but also to better atomization and excitation conditions favored by a reduced gas density in the pre-pulse plasma. Higher laser pulse frequencies increase the probability of particle-laser interaction and, therefore, reduce the shot-to-shot line intensity variation as compared to lower particle loadings in the cell. Additional experiments using an aerosol chamber were performed to further quantify the laser absorption by the plasma in dependence on time both with and without the presence of particles. The overall implication of laser-particle interactions for LIBS and LA-ICP-MS/OES are discussed.
Plasmaparticle interactions are explored through the introduction of single microdroplets into laser-induced plasmas. Both spectroscopic analysis and direct imaging of analyte atomic emission are used to provide insight into the various fundamental processes, namely desolvation, atomization, and atomic diffusion. By doping the 50 µm droplets with Lu, Mg or Ca, the analyte excitation temperature and the ion-to-neutral emission ratio are explored as a function of plasma residence time following breakdown. The data suggest a change in the local plasma conditions about the analyte atoms around 1520 µs following breakdown, which may be interpreted as an overall transition from localized (i.e. perturbed) plasma conditions to the global (i.e. bulk) plasma conditions. A direct assessment of the hydrogen atomic diffusion coefficient following analyte desolvation reveals a value of 1.7 m² s-1 in the first 250500 ns. This value is in good overall agreement with a theoretical analysis and with an analytical treatment of a surface source of hydrogen atoms. In contrast, calcium emission is only observed beyond about 1 µs, with a diffusion coefficient at least an order of magnitude below the hydrogen value. The temporal H and Ca emission data suggest that water vaporizes first, leaving an ever increasing Ca analyte concentration until finally, with nearly all water desorbed, the Ca fraction is vaporized. Overall, the data support the conclusion that finite time-scales of heat and mass transfer play an important role in localized plasma perturbations in the vicinity of the analyte, which has important implications for the LIBS analyte signal.
Quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis operates on the assumption that the sample is completely dissociated and diffused within the highly energetic plasma on time-scales of analyte analysis, resulting in analyte emission ideally at the bulk plasma temperature and a signal that is linear with analyte mass concentration. However, recent studies focusing on aerosol analysis have found the heat and mass diffusion rates within laser-induced plasmas to be finite, resulting in particle-rich, locally perturbed areas within the hot bulk plasma. The goal of this study is to observe any related plasma differences, by calculating the bulk and local (i.e. analyte rich regions) plasma temperatures and electron density, to better understand the time frame of equilibrium between the local and bulk plasma properties. This study also seeks to determine whether the presence of large quantities of a matrix element can significantly alter the local plasma conditions, thereby generating matrix effects. We report the temporal profiles of particle-derived species, adding additional insight into the effect of local perturbation of plasma properties, with the conclusion that significant plasma residence (tens of microseconds) is necessary to minimize such effects.