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A high-performance fiber Bragg grating-based (FBG) sensor device has been developed for the detection of small magnetic fields. Based on a smart multilayer jacket around the fibre over the physical length of the FBG, magnetic fields generated by rotating machine parts, power generators or power cable can be easily detected, analysed and evaluated. Consequently, this innovative, on-line and non-contact inspection method results in an increase in quality and reliability of high-performing machine parts, devices and cables. The basic physical principle is based on a magnetostrictive multilayer system that strains the high-resolution FBG element in presence of magnetic fields. Subsequently, a fixed relationship between induced magnetic field and wavelength change of the FBG element describes the characteristic sensitivity curve. Intensive tests regarding characterisation of this magnetic field FBG sensor have been carried out and its performance has been evaluated.
An auto-validation tool for the reliability quantification of materials integrated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors have been developed and tested. The FBG strain sensor was jacketed with a magnetostrictive layer based on iron-nickel which, when excited by a specific magnetic field, adds an artificial strain to the sensor. The fixed relationship between magnetic induction and wavelength shift of the FBG strain sensor characterizes the bond strength and adhesion between the sensor and the surrounding structure. Due to an easily applicable magnetic field, it is possible to validate the sensor performance in a non-contact, fast way without disturbing the data-acquisition process.
In Germany, the first guideline for the use of fiber Bragg grating strain sensors, 'Optical Strain Sensor based on Fiber Bragg Grating' (Berlin, Germany: Beuth-Verlag, 2010), has been developed by the GESA guideline group of VDI, 'The Association of German Engineers' and published by Beuth-Verlag. This guideline provides the basic specifications of this sensor type and the sensor characteristics, which have to be known for a reliable sensor performance. In conformity to this guideline, experimental investigations on the strain transfer characteristics of fiber Bragg grating patches have been carried out. A comparison between patches and resistance strain gauges during tensile tests and combined temperature and tensile loading was carried out. The evaluated strain gauge factor and the temperature sensitivity of the strain gauge factor have been compared to the manufacturer's data. The overall performance of the patches has been evaluated. The experimental investigations showed that there are considerable disagreements between the manufacturer's specifications and the observed characteristics.
Surface-applied fibre optic strain sensors were investigated using a unique validation facility equipped with application-independent optical reference systems. First, different adhesives for the sensor's application were analysed regarding their material properties. Measurements resulting from conventional measurement techniques, such as thermo-mechanical analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis, were compared with measurements resulting from digital image correlation, which has the advantage of being a non-contact technique. Second, fibre optic strain sensors were applied to test specimens with the selected adhesives. Their strain-transfer mechanism was analysed in comparison with conventional strain gauges. Relative movements between the applied sensor and the test specimen were visualized easily using optical reference methods, digital image correlation and electronic speckle pattern interferometry. Conventional strain gauges showed limited opportunities for an objective strain-transfer analysis because they are also affected by application conditions.
A new concept for the self-diagnosis of embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors was developed, simulated and experimentally tested. This concept is based on a magnetostrictive metallic layer directly coated on the fibre cladding over the grating segment of the FBG sensor, so that an on-demand external magnetic field in a millitesla scale can produce a controllable artificial strain as an indication signal for the remote optical interrogator. The relationship between the pre-defined magnetic field and its induced Bragg wavelength shift characterizes this validation concept. Any deviation of the local bonding state of the interfaces from the initial or/and any change of shear strain transferring mechanism from composite matrix to the optical fibre core will result in alterations in this sensitive relationship, and thus triggers an immediate alert for a further inspection. The finite element method is used to simulate the strain of this configuration as result of different values of the magnetic field in order to optimize the geometrical sensor parameters. The simulations are verified by experiments results. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
This work presents a further development of the methods of simultaneous determination of temperature and axial strain using a single fibre Bragg grating (FBG). The reflected spectrum of composite-embedded FBG sensors has been analyzed in order to separate temperature and load effects. We found out that during the curing process of the laminates, a superstructure has been introduced on the FBG. Analyzing this effect, a temperature and strain separation was implemented by simply calculating and comparing the integrated intensity of the spectral response signal. A mathematical four-parametric model has been developed to calculate the reflected spectrum of a superstructured fibre Bragg grating. The mathematically achieved data has been evaluated with experimentally determined data from fibre Bragg gratings embedded in glass-fibre reinforced composite materials.
Fibre optic strain sensors used in practical applications have to provide reliable measurements. Therefore, the applied sensor and the sensor systems must be validated experimentally. This can be achieved with facilities which use physically independent measurement systems in order to avoid the influences caused by the application of a reference sensor. This paper describes the testing methods of the specially developed validation facility KALFOS for the qualification and evaluation of surface-applied strain sensors. For reliable sensor results, the performance of fibre optic strain patches with and without FBG under combined thermal and mechanical loading was investigated. Additionally, the strain gauge factor of the fibre optic strain patches with FBG was determined experimentally and compared to the specified strain gauge factor. These results will be the basis for the development of guidelines and standards concerning the application of the sensors.
Strain sensors used in practical applications must provide reliable measurement data. To achieve this, sensor systems must be validated by using experimental facilities that enable physically independent statements about the performance of the sensor components. The paper describes qualification and validation procedures using a special facility to qualify surface-applied strain sensors and to achieve reliable sensor results. Based on examples concerning fibre optic strain sensor patches with and without FBG sensors, the determination of the strain gauge factor also under combined thermal and mechanical loading will be presented. These results are the basis for development of guidelines and standards.
Fiber optic sensors have gained increasing importance in recent years and are well established in many areas of industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce a concept of a self-diagnostic fiber optic sensor. The presented sensor is to resolve the problems of embedded fiber optic sensors in complex structures and to enable the validation under operational conditions. For this purpose, different magnetostrictive coated fiber optic sensors were developed and various experiments were performed to verify their mode of Operation and to determine the respective reproducibility. The measuring principle is illustrated by obtained experimental results, which showed a change in wavelength from 1 pm at a magnetic field strength change of 0.25 mT.
In addition, the temperature characteristics of the implemented magnetostrictive sensor were analyzed and an experimental factor of 1.5 compared to a reference fiber optic sensor was determined.
Fiber optic sensors have gained increasing importance in recent years and are well established in many areas of industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce a concept of a self-diagnostic fiber optic sensor. The presented sensor is to resolve the problems of embedded fiber optic sensors in complex structures and to enable the validation under operational conditions. For this purpose, different magnetostrictive coated fiber optic sensors were developed and various experiments were performed to verify their mode of operation and to determine the respective reproducibility. The measuring principle is illustrated by obtained experimental results, which showed a change in wavelength from 1 pm at a magnetic field strength change of 0.25 mT. In addition, the temperature characteristics of the implemented magnetostrictive sensor were analyzed and an experimental factor of 1.5 compared to a reference fiber optic sensor was determined.