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Paper des Monats
- ja (1)
Recently three of the authors of this paper presented analytical solutions for reference loads of plate geometries with semi-elliptical surface cracks subjected to tension, bending, combined tension-bending and biaxial tension. These solutions were shown to provide more accurate crack driving force estimates than the conventional limit load solutions available in the literature, and the method behind them allowed for a wider application range. Within the present paper a methodology for the fracture analysis of thick-wall pressurized pipes using the R6 assessment method and considering both, biaxial and combined tension-bending loading is developed and validated. The analyses are carried out analytically, and the comparison between the predicted critical loads and experimental burst test failure loads shows satisfying agreement, this way demonstrating the potential of the proposed method.
This paper presents the application of short crack propagation models based on the cyclic R-curve for assessing the fatigue strength of additively manufactured (AM) materials containing fabrication defects. Chapetti’s and IBESS models were implemented in combination with Murakami’s √area parameter, considering recently published data on laser powder bed fusion processed AISI 316L stainless steels. Estimated S-N curves and Kitagawa-Takahashi diagrams predict fairly well the experimental data, especially the origin of the failure from internal or surface defects. These results provide an indication that the methods based on the cyclic R-curve constitute suitable tools for fatigue behavior assessment of AM materials.
The effect of the environmental conditions on the threshold against fatigue crack propagation
(2022)
The threshold against fatigue crack propagation (ΔKth) is a crucial parameter for the damage tolerance assessment of engineering components subjected to cyclic loading and it is composed by two distinct components, one intrinsic, dependent on the elastic material properties and the lattice type, and one extrinsic, related to the occurrence of crack closure effects. An important issue is that several factors can influence ΔKth and, in general, the fatigue crack propagation behavior. In this work, the influence of the experimental procedure, air humidity, stress ratio and test frequency on da/dN-ΔK data has been investigated. Results are discussed with their potential causes and consequences on the calculations of the residual lifetime.
The impact of crack closure and environmental effects on the experimental determination of the fatigue crack propagation threshold is a major problem for the assessment of cyclically loaded components, especially at low stress ratios 𝑅. In this work, the influence of the experimental procedure and air humidity on d𝑎∕d𝑁 − 𝛥𝐾 data at different 𝑅 is discussed. Unlike the results at 𝑅 = −1, the threshold values obtained at 𝑅 ≈ 0.8, i.e. under negligible crack closure levels, show a very small scatter band regardless of the variation of the test parameters and environmental conditions.
In 2015, the University of Manchester hosted a workshop (‘Mind the Gap’) aimed at identifying gaps in a number of structural integrity fitness-for-service procedures, including R5, R6, BS 7910 and API/ASME. The findings were subsequently summarised in a journal paper and shared with the relevant stakeholders. A second workshop, this time hosted by the University of Bristol in 2017, was intended to build on the findings of the earlier event, identifying which gaps had been filled, which remain and whether new ones have been identified in the meantime. ‘Mind the Gap 2’ was wide-ranging, including consideration of failure by fracture, fatigue crack growth, hightemperature creep and environmentally assisted crack growth, along with the use of innovative techniques to follow the progress of crack growth from the atomic to the macroscopic scale. A summary of the whole event is thus outside the scope of a single paper, so here we concentrate mainly on advances in fracture assessment, on the interface between inspection and ECA, and on how developments are being incorporated into structural integrity procedures. There is a particular emphasis on the energy transition in the UK, where the planned energy mix will include both nuclear power and offshore wind.
The yield or limit load is a key parameter with respect to the accuracy of flaw assessment based on R6 type procedures such as the R6 routine, the SINTAP and FITNET method, the standard BS 7910 and others. In a number of previous papers two of the present authors proposed the use of a reference load instead of the common limit load, which not only provided more exact fracture mechanics predictions, but showed also a wider and more general application range than the conventional parameter. Here the method has been extended to biaxial tensile loading and it has been successfully validated by a thorough comparison with finite element results and alternative solutions available in the literature.
The aim of this paper is a collection of stress intensity factor solutions for cracks in railway axle geometries which the authors of the present special issue developed and/or used for damage tolerance analyses. These solutions comprise closed form analytical as well as tabled geometry functions and they refer to solid as well as hollow axles and various crack sites such as the T- and V-notch and the axle body.
Based on a large set of 2D finite element analyses, parametric equations for weld toe stress concentration factors and through-thickness stress profiles are provided for butt-welded plates. These cover Single-Vand Double-V joints subject to tensile and bending loading. Compared to the most widespread solutions in the literature, which have also been tested against the finite element data in this work, the application range is extended particularly with respect to the weld toe radius(0.1≤ρ≤4 mm)andangle(10 °≤α≤60 °). Furthermore, two values of excess weld metal are considered (h=0.75;2.5mm). The analyses are performed for a plate thickness of 10 mm. Besides the extended validity range, the proposed equations show also an improved accuracy compared to the existing solutions.
Determination of fatigue crack propagation thresholds for steel in presence of environmental effects
(2021)
The experimental determination of the resistance to fatigue crack propagation in steel, particularly in the socalled near-threshold regime, is a crucial issue for safety-relevant components which are designed to operate for a large number of loading cycles before undergoing periodic inspections. This work summarizes the most relevant results of extensive experimental campaigns conducted at BAM and IPM over the last years, which have been devoted to the determination of fatigue crack propagation characteristics on medium and high strength steels. The influence of environment, oxide-induced crack closure and test methodologies in the near-threshold regime are discussed.