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The failure of composites is initiated by imperfections on microscale. The interface between fiber and matrix is a key parameter concerning failure initiation. In order to get an improved understanding of local failure processes a fracture mechanical analysis of interfacial failure in a composite ply under transverse stresses is performed. The mixed mode energy release rate is calculated. In addition the failure of interfaces under cyclic loading is studied on a single fiber model. The quasistatic debonding process is compared with the interfacial failure under fatigue loading. It is shown that the tan delta can be used as an indicator for the damage propagation.
The nonlinear behaviour of epoxy resins is studied on standard tensile tests. A strain field measurement system is applied (Aramis) in order to monitor local strains. The residual strain is measured by recovering the specimens for up to 68 hours after unloading. The time span the specimen is exposed to load has a large influence on the creeping process and the residual strain after recovering. This is studied by comparison of instantaneous unloading with keeping the specimen under permanent load for thirty minutes. It is shown that moderate differences in the initial strain can lead to large differences in the creep behaviour as well as in the residual strain.
The failure behaviour of unidirectional plies tested under off-axis loading is studied. The stress distribution occurring in standard off-axis tests is briefly discussed. The different failure modes, this is, pure fiber breakage, pure inter fiber failure as well as a superposition of both is analysed based on test data and fracture patterns. The large difference of the failure load depending on the failure mode at small off-axis angles is studied by comparison of a short and a long 3° off-axis angle specimen.
An improved diffusion model is proposed for pore annihilation during HIP of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys. The model assumes the pore dissolution by emission of vacancies and their sink to the low angle boundaries. Calculation, considering distribution of the pore sizes, predicts the kinetics of pore annihilation similar to the experimental one.
The energy release rate delivered during the debonding of a fiber inside a composite ply is analysed using a representative volume element. Two different fiber volume fractions are studied by a linear elastic fracture mechanical analysis by using the finite element method.
The dependency of the mixed mode energy release rate on the length of the crack increment is analysed. It is shown that the same general behaviour found in case of a straight Interface crack is valid also for circular cracks. As a result the discrimination of the energy release rate into mode I and mode II portions is questionable.
Mit Hilfe des HIP-Verfahrens („Hot Isostatic Pressing“) werden Poren in der einkristallinen Nickel-Basis Superlegierung CMSX-4 kontinuierlich geschrumpft und dadurch die nach der Erstarrung und der Wärmebehandlung vorhandene Porosität stark reduziert. In diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zu den Mechanismen der Porenschrumpfung zusammengefasst. Es zeigt sich, dass das Verformungsverhalten während Kriechversuchen bei der HIP-Temperatur durch Versetzungsgleitung auf oktaedrischen Ebenen dominiert wird.
Dagegen zeigen Messungen der Porositätsabnahme und Simulationen des Porenschließens, dass die Kinetik der Porenschrumpfung durch das Phänomen der Leerstellendiffusion zwischen Poren und Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen („Low Angle Boundary“, LAB) bestimmt wird. Im Gegensatz führt die klassische Kristallviskoplastizität zu einer systematischen Überschätzung dieser Kinetik. Der scheinbare Widerspruch lässt sich auflösen, wenn man bedenkt, dass auf der Skala der Poren Versetzungsquellen nicht gleichmäßig verteilt sind, wie in der konventionellen Kristallplastizität implizit angenommen wird. Stattdessen wird in einem weiterführenden Modell davon ausgegangen, das Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen (LABs) als Versetzungsquellen fungieren, während die Scherspannungen sehr stark in der Nähe der Poren lokalisiert sind, was die Emission von Versetzungen deutlich reduziert.
The creep behavior of single crystals of the nickel-based superalloy CMSX-4 was investigated at 1288 °C, which is the temperature of the hot isostatic pressing treatment applied to this superalloy in the industry. It was found that at this super-solvus temperature, where no gammaPrime-strengthening occurs, the superalloy is very soft and rapidly deforms under stresses between 4 and 16 MPa. The creep resistance was found to be very anisotropic, e.g., the creep rate of [001] crystals was about 11 times higher than that of a [111] crystal. The specimens of different orientations also showed a very different necking behavior. The reduction of the cross-sectional area psi of [001] crystals reached nearly 100 pct, while for a [111] crystal psi = 62 pct. The EBSD analysis of deformed specimens showed that despite such a large local strain the [001] crystals did not recrystallize, while a less deformed [111] crystal totally recrystallized within the necking zone. The recrystallization degree was found to be correlated with deformation behavior as well as with dwell time at high temperature. From the analysis of the obtained results (creep anisotropy, stress dependence of the creep rate, traces of shear deformation, and TEM observations), it was concluded that the main strain contribution resulted from <01-1>{111} octahedral slip.
The investigation of creep behavior of the single crystal superalloy CMSX-4 at 1288°C is important for the understanding of deformations mechanisms under hot isostatic pressing (HIP). This treatment is used to increase the lifetime of single crystal superalloys by reducing the number of cavities. The understanding of the internal processes during this treatment is still limited due to the material being not single-phase at room temperature, the extreme conditions of HIP and the complexity of the material.
The result of predicting the pore shrinkage rate using classical crystal plasticity was not satisfying. A more complex model has been implemented, now taking the heterogeneity of dislocation sources into account. By introducing a dislocation density, one can describe the transport, nucleation and interaction of dislocations.
The investigation of creep behavior of the single crystal superalloy CMSX-4 at 1288°C is important for the understanding of deformations mechanisms under hot isostatic pressing (HIP). This treatment is used to increase the lifetime of single crystal superalloys by reducing the number of cavities. The understanding of the internal processes during this treatment is still limited due to the material being not single-phase at room temperature, the extreme conditions of HIP and the complexity of the material.
The result of predicting the pore shrinkage rate using classical crystal plasticity was not satisfying. A more complex model has been implemented, now taking the heterogeneity of dislocation sources into account. By introducing a dislocation density, one can describe the transport, nucleation and interaction of dislocations.