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Hydrogen interaction with residual stresses in steel studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction
(2014)
The residual stress state in a material has an important role in the mechanism of cracking, induced or assisted by hydrogen. In this contribution, the beamline EDDI in BESSY II instrument in Berlin was used in order to investigate the influence of hydrogen upon the residual stresses state existing in a Supermartensitic stainless steel sample. The method used for investigating the residual stresses is the sinus square ψ method. This method involves the usage of high energy X-ray diffraction in order to measure the residual stress state and magnitude. It was found that hydrogen presence has a significant influence upon the magnitude of the residual stresses, as its value decreases with high hydrogen content. This effect is reversible, as hydrogen desorbs from the sample the residual stress magnitude gains its initial value before hydrogen charging.
Beside quenched and tempered (QT) high strength steels advanced technologies in steel manufacturing provide steels produced by the thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP) with yield strength of 960 MPa. These steels differ in the carbon and micro-alloying element content. With variation of heat control TIG-welded dummy seams on both steel types were performed. Analyses concerning microstructure and residual stress evolution due to welding showed typical stress distributions according to common concepts. Yet, the TMCP-steel shows higher residual stresses than the QT-steel.
Innovative low transformation temperature (LTT) welding filler materials are featuring a characteristic chemical composition which favors the formation of martensite at comparatively low temperatures. This permits deliberate adjustment of welding residual stresses. Even though numerous investigations can be found in the literature on this issue, they provide only little insight into the interaction between phase transformation and resulting welding residual stresses. For this purpose, a component weld test was performed in a special large-scale testing facility. The results illustrate that the desired residual stress control by using LTT alloys is actually feasible. With increasing shrinkage restraint, however, higher tensile residual stresses are formed in transverse direction of the weld. By contrast, the residual stress level in longitudinal weld direction is nearly independent of the restraint conditions. On-line stress analysis revealed that the amount of stress reduction during cooling of the individual weld runs is dependent on the weld volume undergoing phase transformation. Overall, evidence was furnished that the approach of residual stress engineering by LTT alloys is suitable even in the case of large-scale multilayer welding.
Today’s light weight design trends lead to a growing application of high-strength structural steels (yield strength ≥ 690 MPa). The mechanical properties of the weld and the component safety have to meet the increased requirements of these steel grades. However, high residual stresses in welded components are detrimental to their safety and integrity. Analyses concerning weld stresses in high-strength steels welded under component related restraint conditions revealed that heat control significantly affects global and local stresses. This occurs especially in highly restrained joints due to superimposing local and global stresses and may cause crack-critical stress-levels. In this study weld tests were performed with plates of high-strength steel in a special test facility. The experimental setup allowed transferring defined restraint conditions to the test welds similarly to real components. Temperature and reaction forces due to restraint were observed online while welding and cooling of multilayer-component MAG-welds. Mobile X-ray diffraction was used for local stress determination in the weld seam areas of the restrained specimens. It was found that interpass temperature has a major influence on the local and global welding forces and stresses. Thus, among the analysed results especially transverse residual stresses of the heat affected zone were strongly affected.