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Eingeladener Vortrag
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The influence of hydrogen environment on the friction and wear behavior of polyimide (PI) composites was investigated for two different PI-types (PI1 and PI2) filled with natural or synthetic graphite. Sliding tests were run against AISI 52100 steel and the worn surfaces as well as the transfer film were analyzed by means of SEM, EDX and Infrared Spectroscopy. Results indicate that the chemical structure of the polyimide has a major influence on the tribological behavior. While the friction of PI2 remains rather stable in all environments, PI1 showed very low friction in hydrogen without any lubricant. The lubricity of graphite was found to be more effective in hydrogen than in moist air.
For further development of hydrogen technology, it is necessary to have a sufficient number of materials for safe and reliable operation available. Frictional contacts exposed to hydrogen, are critical because of vanishing protective oxide layers in the presence of a chemical reducing environment. Furthermore, liquid lubricants are often not applicable, because of purity requirements, or very low temperatures in the case of liquid hydrogen. Thus, for numerous tribosystems in hydrogen technology, solid lubrication is the only possible method for reducing friction and wear. Therefore, investigations on the tribological behaviour of friction reducing materials, such as PTFE, graphite, DLC and MoS2, in inert and hydrogen environment were carried out. The results show that solid lubricants, applied as coatings or as components in polymer composites, are able to reduce friction and wear in gaseous as well as in liquid hydrogen. However, some materials are very sensitive to the environmental medium.
For tribological components working under extreme
conditions, such as vacuum, or broad temperature
ranges, it is often a problem to achieve acceptable
durability of their friction parts. Thus, new material
requirements are involved for these tribo-systems, in
particular regarding operability and reliability. At BAM,
several projects were conducted in the recent years,
dealing with the tribological properties of friction
couples at cryogenic temperature and in vacuum
environment. This paper describes the vacuum and ultra
high vacuum tribometers constructed at BAM and
presents experiments carried out with polymer
composites. The experiments presented were performed
with PEEK, filled with solid lubricants, against 304
steel with a pin-on-disc configuration in oscillating
sliding. Friction tests were carried out in vacuum in the
temperature range between -40°C and +160°C and in
ultra high vacuum at room temperature.
Superconducting magnets are susceptible to quenching, even with the smallest amounts of energy disturbances due to the extremely low thermal capacity of materials at 4.2 K. Hence, small mechanical disturbances resulting in frictional heating can be sufficient to exceed the wire’s critical temperature, causing it to quench. Unfortunately, relative motion between surfaces in the magnet System is inevitable due to various forces present in the System, including winding pretension, differences in material thermal contraction and the large electromagnetic forces. Typically insulating polymers are present at this interface to achieve the required electrical insulation requirements.
Starke Magnetfelder, wie sie z.B. für die Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) notwendig sind, werden durch supraleitende Spulen erzeugt, die mit Flüssighelium auf eine Temperatur von -269°C gekühlt werden. Die Reibungswärme, die z.B. bei kleinsten Bewegungen zwischen der Spule und deren Stützstruktur entsteht, kann bewirken, dass die kritische Temperatur des Supraleiters lokal überschritten wird und ein normalleitender Bereich entsteht. Aufgrund der bei Normalleitung entstehenden jouleschen Wärme kann sich dieser Bereich weiter erwärmen und schnell ausbreiten. Dieser Vorgang wird als Quench bezeichnet und führt zum schlagartigen Verdampfen des extrem teuren Kältemittels und zu Betriebsunterbrechungen von mehreren Tagen.
Da diese Quenche durch Reibungswärme verursacht werden, ist es notwendig, das Reibverhalten der beteiligten Werkstoffe so zu optimieren, dass kein kritischer Betriebszustand erreicht wird. Dies betrifft in erster Linie Polymerfolien, die zur elektrischen Isolierung zwischen der Spule und der Stützstruktur notwendig sind. Neben zu hoher Reibung allgemein müssen ausgeprägte Haftreibungsspitzen und StickSlip-Effekte vermieden werden. Mit
diesem Ziel wurde das Reibverhalten von PTFE-, PET- und Pl-Folien bei tiefen Temperaturen und den für diese Anwendung typischen niedrigen Gleitgeschwindigkeiten untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass die Reibung zwischen Polymeroberflächen in Flüssighelium allgemein höher, aber stabiler als in Flüssigstickstoff ist. Allerdings hängt das Reibverhalten erheblich von der Werkstoffpaarung ab. Der Stick-Slip-Effekt nimmt bei allen untersuchten Polymer-Polymer-Paarungen mit wachsender Kontaktpressung zu. PET gegen PET hat das ungünstigste Reibverhalten und sollte bei hohen Pressungen vermieden werden. Zum Vergleich getestete Paarungen von Polymeren gegen Aluminium zeigten deutlich günstigeres Reibverhalten ohne signifikanten Stick-Slip. Deshalb sollte bei derartigen Anwendungen sichergestellt werden, dass die Gleitebene zwischen Polymer- und Metalloberfläche liegt.
In the development of hydrogen technology, special attention is paid to the technical problems of
hydrogen storage. One possible way is cryogenic storage in liquid form. Generally cryotechnical
machines need components with interacting surfaces in relative motion such as bearings, seals or
valves, which are subjected to extreme conditions. Materials of such systems have to be resistant to
friction-caused mechanical deformation at the surface, low temperatures and hydrogen environment.
Since materials failure can cause uncontrolled escape of hydrogen, new material requirements are
involved for these tribo-systems, in particular regarding operability and reliability. In the past few
years several projects dealing with the influence of hydrogen on the tribological properties of friction
couples were conducted at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, (BAM), Berlin.
This paper reports some investigations carried out with polymer composites. Friction and wear were
measured for continuous sliding and analyses of the worn surfaces were performed after the
experiments. Tests were performed at room temperature in hydrogen as well as in liquid hydrogen.