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Sustainability has become the conscientious and future-oriented principle of modern resource management and environmental protection because caring for the future is tantamount to providing manageable and healthy surroundings for ourselves. For the foreseeable future, geotechnical and environmental engineers must therefore be concerned with ensuring a healthy balance between extraction, processing, manufacturing, utilization, recycling, and disposal of materials and products.
Effective cleanup of groundwater contaminated with radionuclides using permeable reactive barriers
(2015)
The mining of natural resources always causes environmental impacts such as land use, large quantities of waste, destruction of habitat, impairment of groundwater regime, and quite possibly contamination of soil, water, or air (Dudka and Adriano 1997). The environmental impact of mining cannot be estimated easily. The concept of total material requirement (TMR) is an attempt to quantify the environmental impact of materials. TMR is the sum of domestic and imported primary natural resources and their hidden flows (Adriaanse et al. 1997). Hidden flows are often not considered in environmental analyses because they are attributed with no cost. However, overburden from mining, earth moving for construction, and soil erosion are major sources of ecological damage. From the mining of minerals to the final products, a number of process steps take place (exploration, mine site development, extraction, milling, washing, concentration, smelting, refining, fabrication), each step being connected to other input flows such as energy or other resources. The hidden flows for metals related to metal ore mining have been investigated by Halada et al. (2001). Table 9.1 lists the data for some metals, together with the data for some other minerals and fuels. The TMR in the United States in the 1990s was between 80 and 100 tonnes per capita; in the European Union (EU-15) approximately 50 tonnes per capita (Bringezu 2002).
Permeable reactive barriers
(2005)