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Phosphorhaltige Alternativen haben halogenhaltige Flammschutzmittel für PBT zunehmend verdrängt. Die meisten der verwendeten Flammschutzmittel verschlechtern jedoch die mechanischen Eigenschaften des PBT oder neigen zum Ausblühen. Trotz ihrer gängigen Verwendung fehlt ein grundlegendes Verständnis für den Einfluss der chemischen Struktur der Flammschutzmittel auf das Brandverhalten und die Eigenschaften des Werkstoffs. Ebenso lückenhaft ist das Wissen über den Einfluss der Makrostruktur des Werkstoffs auf dessen Brandverhalten und die Flammschutzanforderungen.
Als Alternative zu den gängigen niedermolekularen Flammschutzadditiven werden in dieser Arbeit phosphorhaltige Polyester als Flammschutzmittel für kompaktes, glasfaserverstärktes und geschäumtes PBT vorgestellt und ihr Pyrolyse- und Brandverhalten analysiert. Nicht nur die Makrostruktur des PBT, sondern auch die chemische Struktur der phosphorhaltigen
Polyester wurde gezielt variiert, um entsprechende Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen ableiten zu können.
Das glasfaserverstärkte PBT zeigt eine höhere Entflammbarkeit, der PBT Integralschaum ein höheres Risiko durch Flammenausbreitung als kompaktes PBT. Das Vorhandensein von Verbrückungen und P-O-Carom.-Bindungen im Phosphorsubstituenten der phosphorhaltigen Polyester erhöht deren Rückstandsbildung bzw. Aktivität in der kondensierten Phasen. Die Art der aktiven Flammschutzmechanismen entscheidet darüber, welche Brandrisiken reduziert werden.
Als einer der phosphorhaltigen Polyester bildet PET-P-DOPO einen nicht mischbaren Blend mit PBT. Es hat eine gute Flammschutzwirkung und verschlechtert die mechanischen Eigenschaften nicht so stark wie gängige Flammschutzmittel. PET-P-DOPO birgt dabei das Potential, die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Flammschutzwirkung durch eine Verbesserung der Mischbarkeit und eine Erhöhung des Phosphorgehaltes noch weiter zu optimieren. Für PBT Integralschaum ist PET-P-DOPO weniger geeignet. In glasfaserverstärktem PBT übertrifft PET-P-DOPO die gängigen Flammschutzmittel, selbst wenn diese mit höherem Phosphorgehalt eingesetzt werden.
Die Ergebnisse tragen wesentlich zum Verständnis der grundlegenden Struktur- Eigenschaftsbeziehungen im Flammschutz von Polymeren bei. Sie ermöglichen die Vorhersage spezieller Anforderungen an die Flammschutzmittel aus der Makrostruktur des Werkstoffs. Weiterhin erlauben sie eine gezieltere Auswahl und Optimierung bestehender Flammschutzmittel durch die Anpassung ihrer chemischen Struktur sowie das gezielte Design neuer Flammschutzmittel für bestimmte Anwendungen bzw. Schutzziele. Mit PET-P-DOPO wurde außerdem eine vielversprechende Alternative zu gängigen Additiven im Flammschutz von PBT gefunden.
Flame retarded poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is required for electronic applications and is mostly achieved by low molar mass additives so far. Three phosphorus-containing polyesters are suggested as halogen-free and polymeric flame retardants for PBT. Flame retardancy was achieved according to cone calorimeter experiments showing that the peak heat release rate and total heat evolved were reduced because of flame inhibition and condensed-phase activity. The presented polymers containing derivatives of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide form immiscible blend systems with PBT. Shear-rheology shows an increase in storage moduli at low frequencies. This is proposed as quantitative measure for the degree of phase interaction. The phase structure of the blends depends on the chemical structure of the phosphorus polyester and was quite different, depending also on the viscosity ratio between matrix and second phase. A lower viscosity ratio leads to two types of phases with spherical and additionally continuous droplets. Addition of the flame retardants showed no influence on the dielectric properties but on the mechanical behavior. The polymeric flame retardants significantly diminish the impact strength because of several reasons: (1) high brittleness of the phosphorus polyesters themselves, (2) thermodynamic immiscibility, and (3) weak phase adhesion. By adding a copolymer consisting of the two base polymers to the blend, an improvement of impact strength was obtained. The copolymer particularly acts as compatibilizer between the phases and therefore leads to a smaller phase size and to a stronger phase adhesion due to the formation of fibrils.
PET-P-DOPO is a phosphorus-containing polyester prepared from the glycol ether of the hydroquinone derivative of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and dimethyl terephthalate. PET-P-DOPO and a blend of PBT with PET-PDOPO were investigated with respect to pyrolysis and fire behavior. PET-P-DOPO achieves a V-0 rating in the UL 94 test and exhibits a high LOI of 39.3%. The outstanding flame-retardant properties of PET-P-DOPO are the result of three different mechanisms (flame inhibition, charring and a protection effect of the intumescent char) that are active in PET-P-DOPO. The fire load and the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) are reduced to 34% and 17%, respectively. The char exhibits an intumescent multicellular structure enabling it to act as an efficient protection layer. As PET-P-DOPO is immiscible with PBT, the blend shows a lower breaking elongation than pure PBT. Compared to pure PET-P-DOPO, the flame retardancy of the blend is decreased according to the fraction of PET-P-DOPO used. Nevertheless, the flame-retardancy of PET-P-DOPO in the blend was good enough to compete with PBT flame-retarded by AlPi-Et (aluminum diethylphosphinate) that was used as a Benchmark.
Flame retardancy for thermoplastics is a challenging task where chemists and engineers work together to find solutions to improve the burning behavior without strongly influencing other key properties of the material. In this work, the halogen-free additives aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) and a mixture of aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) and resorcinol-bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) (AlPi-H + RXP) are employed in neat and reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and the morphology, mechanical performance, rheological behavior, and flammability of these materials are compared. Both additives show submicron dimensions but differ in terms of particle and agglomerate sizes und shapes. The overall mechanical performance of the PBT flame-retarded with AlPi-Et is lower than that with AlPi-H-RXP, due to the presence of larger agglomerates. Moreover, the flow behavior of the AlPi-Et/PBT materials is dramatically changed as the larger rod-like primary particles build a percolation threshold. In terms of flammability, both additives perform similar in the UL 94 test and under forced-flaming combustion. Nevertheless, AlPi-Et performs better than AlPi-H + RXP in the LOI test. The concentration required to achieve acceptable flame retardancy ranges above 15 wt %.
Pyrolysis, fire behaviour and mechanical properties of a blend of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with a phosphorus polyester (PET-P-DOPO) are investigated and compared with PBT/aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) composites. The PBT/PET-P-DOPO is immiscible and exhibits gas-phase and condensed-phase activity, whereas AlPi-Et in PBT results mainly in flame inhibition. Only higher loadings of AlPi-Et yield significant condensed-phase activity. Using the same phosphorus content, PBT/PET-P-DOPO and PBT/AlPi-Et exhibit similar reductions in fire load (22%) and flame spread (17% assessed by fire growth rate, FIGRA), compared with PBT. In contrast to AlPi-Et, the addition of PET-P-DOPO does not decrease the tensile strength of PBT. Thus, PET-P-DOPO is an interesting alternative to low-molecular-weight flame retardants.
Aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) and inorganic aluminium phosphinate with resorcinol-bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) (AlPi-H+RXP) were compared with each other as commercially available halogen-free flame retardants in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) as well as in glass-fibre-reinforced PBT (PBT/GF). Pyrolysis behaviour and flame retardancy performance are reported in detail. AlPi-H+RXP released phosphine at very low temperatures, which can become a problem during processing. AlPi-Et provided better limiting oxygen index (LOI) values and UL 94 ratings for bulk and PBT/GF than AlPi-H+RXP. Both flame retardants acted via three different flame-retardancy mechanisms in bulk as well as in PBT/GF, namely, flame inhibition, increased amount of char, and a protection effect of the char. AlPi-Et was more efficient in decreasing the total heat evolved of PBT in the cone calorimeter test. AlPi-H+RXP reduced the peak heat release rate of PBT more efficiently than AlPi-Et. An optimum loading of AlPi-Et in PBT/GF was found, which was below the supplier's recommendation. This loading provides a maximum increase in LOI and a maximum decrease in total heat evolved.
Pyrolysis and fire behaviour of a phosphorus polyester (PET-P-DOPO) have been investigated. The glycol ether of the hydroquinone derivative of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide was used as a reactive halogen-free flame retardant in PET-P-DOPO. PET-P-DOPO is proposed as an alternative to poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with established halogen-free additives. It exhibits a high LOI (39.3%) and achieves V-0 classification in the UL 94 test. Three different mechanisms (flame inhibition, charring and a protection effect by the intumescent char) contribute to the flame retardancy in PET-P-DOPO and were quantified with respect to different fire risks. The fire load was reduced by 66% of the PBT characteristic. The reduction is the superposition of the relative reduction due to flame inhibition (factor 0.625) and charring (factor 0.545). The peak of heat release rate (pHRR) was reduced by 83% due to flame inhibition, charring and the protection properties of the char (factor 0.486). The strength of all three mechanisms is in the same order of magnitude. The intumescent multicellular structure enables the char to act as an efficient protection layer. PBT flame-retarded with aluminium diethylphosphinate was used as a benchmark to assess the performance of PET-P-DOPO absolutely, as well as versus the phosphorus content. PET-P-DOPO exhibits superior fire retardancy, in particular due to the additional prolongation of the time to ignition and increase in char yield. PET-P-DOPO is a promising alternative material for creating halogen-free flame-retarded polyesters.