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This article reports a comprehensive investigation of the average and local structure of La5.6WO12-δ, which has excellent mixed proton, electron and oxide ion conduction suitable for device applications. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction show that a cubic fluorite supercell describes the average structure, with highly disordered lanthanum and oxide positions. On average, the tungsten sites are sixfold coordinated and a trace [3.7 (1.3)%] of anti-site disorder is detected. In addition to sharp Bragg reflections, strong diffuse neutron scattering is observed, which hints at short-range order. Plausible local configurations are considered and it is shown that the defect chemistry implies a simple 'chemical exchange' interaction that favours ordered WO6 octahedra. The local model is confirmed by synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function analysis and EXAFS experiments performed at the La K and W L-3 edges. It is shown that ordered domains of similar to 3.5 nm are found, implying that mixed conduction in La5.6WO12-δ is associated with a defective glassy-like anion sublattice. The origins of this ground state are proposed to lie in the nonbipartite nature of the face-centred cubic lattice and the pairwise interactions which link the orientation of neighbouring octahedral WO6 sites. This 'function through frustration' could provide a means of designing new mixed conductors.
Dass Viren sich über Aerosolpartikel ausbreiten können, wurde bereits in vielen Studien gezeigt. Als Aerosol bezeichnet man ein Gemisch aus Luft mit darin verteilten festen oder flüssigen Partikeln. Ein Aerosol ist dabei immer dynamisch, da Partikel neugebildet, in oder mit der Luft transportiert und aus der Luft entfernt werden oder sich im luftgetragenen Zustand verändern. Zum Verständnis der Rolle von Aerosolpartikeln als Übertragungsweg von SARS-CoV-2 ist daher die Kenntnis der verschiedenen Prozesse in einem Aerosol von besonderer Bedeutung. Mit diesem Papier möchte die GAeF einen Beitrag dazu leisten, den momentan so häufig anzutreffenden Begriff „Aerosol“ sowie die relevanten Aerosolprozesse anschaulich darzustellen und zu erläutern. Dabei wird im Rahmen dieses Papiers nur auf die wesentlichen Grundlagen eingegangen.
Für ein tiefergehendes Verständnis der teilweise komplexen Prozesse sei auf die angeführte Sekundärliteratur verwiesen. Das Papier fasst eine Vielzahl von Studien zur Entstehung von virenbeladenen Aerosolpartikeln sowie deren Ausbreitung zusammen. Darauf basierend kann festgestellt werden, dass ausgeatmete Aerosolpartikel auch bei der Corona-Pandemie eine prominente Rolle bei der Verbreitung der Viren spielen. Abschließend geht dieses Papier auf mögliche Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Ausbreitung von Aerosolpartikeln ein. Die diskutierten Maßnahmen orientieren sich an der derzeitigen öffentlichen Diskussion und beinhalten entsprechend die folgenden Punkte: Lüften, Luftreiniger, Lüftungsanlagen und Masken. Es werden Hinweise zum richtigen und sinnvollen Einsatz dieser Maßnahmen gegeben. Aerosolpartikel haben Größen zwischen ca. 0,001 und mehreren 100 Mikrometern (und nicht wie in vielen Publikationen derzeit definiert < 5μm) und verteilen sich mit Luftströmungen relativ schnell, auch über größere Distanzen. Größere Aerosolpartikel sinken – abhängig von ihrer Größe und Dichte – zu Boden; kleine Aerosolpartikel können hingegen sehr lange in der Luft verbleiben (s. Kapitel 3). Jeder Mensch stößt durch die Atmung sowie beim Sprechen, Husten und Niesen flüssige Aerosolpartikel unterschiedlicher Größen aus (s. Kapitel 4). Ist eine Person mit einem Virus, wie z. B. SARS-CoV-2, infiziert, so können diese Aerosolpartikel Viren enthalten, die in die Luft gelangen und von anderen Personen eingeatmet werden können. SARS-CoV-2 hat eine Größe von 0,06 bis 0,14 Mikrometer, die exhalierten flüssigen Aerosolpartikel sind hingegen größer. Die flüssigen Aerosolpartikel können aber je nach Umgebungsbedingungen durch Verdunstung schrumpfen (s. Kapitel 3.3). Für den Partikeltransport und die Partikelabscheidung ist dabei jeweils die aktuelle Partikelgröße relevant. Das höchste Infektionsrisiko besteht in geschlossenen Innenräumen, da sich hierin Aerosolpartikel anreichern können. Insbesondere hier sind entsprechend Maßnahmen zu treffen, die eine Reduktion der Aerosolpartikelkonzentration ermöglichen.
Vor dem Hintergrund der Aerosolwissenschaften ordnet die GAeF die aktuellen Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie wie folgt ein:
• Prinzipiell gilt: Keine Maßnahme kann für sich alleine funktionieren! Das Zusammenspiel der verschiedensten Maßnahmen ist nach derzeitigem Wissensstand der beste Weg zur Minimierung des Infektionsrisikos.
• Abstand halten ist wichtig, denn mit zunehmendem Abstand werden direkt ausgeatmete Viren verdünnt, und die Wahrscheinlichkeit sich anzustecken sinkt. Der vielfach vorgeschriebene Mindestabstand kann als Anhaltspunkt dienen, sollte aber insbesondere bei längeren Zusammenkünften und auch in Innenräumen mit verringerter Luftbewegung vergrößert und durch weitere Maßnahmen (s.u.) ergänzt werden.
• Masken helfen, einen Teil der exhalierten Partikel (und Viren) zu filtern. Dadurch sinkt die Konzentration der exhalierten Partikel (und Viren) in einem Raum und damit das Infektionsrisiko. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass die ausgeatmeten Aerosolpartikel durch anhaftende Feuchtigkeit relativ groß sind und somit auch von einfachen Masken effizient zurückgehalten werden können. Da diese Partikel aber mit längerer Verweilzeit in der Raumluft schrumpfen, sind einfache Mund-Nasen-Bedeckungen für den Selbstschutz weniger effizient. Hierfür sind Atemschutzmasken erforderlich, die auch für feine Partikel eine hohe Abscheidung zeigen, z. B. der Klassen FFP2, N95 oder KN95. Diese sind sowohl für den Selbst- als auch den Fremdschutz effizient, sofern sie über kein Ausatemventil verfügen. Masken mit Ausatemventil dienen hingegen nur dem Selbstschutz und widersprechen daher dem Solidaritätskonzept, dass Mitmenschen durch kollektives Maskentragen geschützt werden.
• Gesichtsvisiere, die ohne zusätzliche Verwendung von Masken eingesetzt werden, sind hinsichtlich Aerosolpartikeln weitgehend nutzlos, da die Luft mit Partikeln (und Viren) ungefiltert um die Visiere herumströmt. Gesichtsvisiere werden im klinischen Alltag zusätzlich zu Masken getragen, um Tröpfcheninfektion über die Schleimhäute der Augen zu verhindern. Ebenfalls weitgehend unwirksam gegen die Aerosolverbreitung in Innenräumen sind mobile oder fest installierte Plexiglasbarrieren. Diese können nur kurzfristig die kleinräumige Ausbreitung eines Aerosols, z. B. im Kassenbereich eines Supermarkts, verhindern, bieten aber längerfristig keinen Schutz. Gesichtsvisiere und Plexiglasscheiben dienen im Wesentlichen als Spuck- und Spritzschutz gegenüber großen Tröpfchen.
• Im Freien finden so gut wie keine Infektionen durch Aerosolpartikel statt. Allerdings können Tröpfcheninfektionen auftreten, insbesondere in Menschenansammlungen, wenn Mindestabstände nicht eingehalten und/oder keine Masken getragen werden. In geschlossenen Räumen ist Lüften unerlässlich, um die ausgeatmete Luft in einem Raum durch frische Luft von draußen zu ersetzen. Häufiges Stoß- und Querlüften sind dabei vergleichbar effektiv wie dauernd das Fenster vollständig geöffnet zu lassen. Aus energetischer Sicht ist Stoß- oder Querlüften insbesondere im Winter allerdings effizienter. CO2-Monitore können bei der Überwachung der Luftqualität in Innenräumen helfen. Sie zeigen an, wann gelüftet werden sollte und wann die Luft in einem Raum während des Lüftens ausreichend gewechselt ist. Sie können jedoch nur als Indikator verwendet werden und verhindern selbst bei Einhaltung der vorgeschlagenen CO2-Grenzkonzentrationen keine direkte Infektion durch unmittelbar benachbarte Personen.
• Luftreiniger können einen sinnvollen Beitrag leisten, um die Partikel- und Virenkonzentration in einem Raum zu reduzieren. Bei der Beschaffung von Luftreinigern muss darauf geachtet werden, dass diese für den betrachteten Raum und die betrachtete Anwendung ausreichend dimensioniert sind, um die Partikel- und Virenlast signifikant zu verringern. Dem Luftdurchsatz des Gerätes kommt dabei eine größere Bedeutung zu, als der reinen Effizienz des Filters. Aus energetischen und Kostenerwägungen kann die Verwendung hocheffizienter Filter sogar kontraproduktiv sein. Fest verbaute Lüftungsanlagen können ebenso sinnvoll sein, sofern sie die Luft filtern, um die Partikel- und Virenlast in einem Raum zu verringern. Hierbei ist es zur Vermeidung von Infektionen sinnvoll, diese möglichst mit 100 % Frischluft zu betreiben.
Aus Sicht der Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung besteht erheblicher Forschungsbedarf insbesondere an den interdisziplinären Grenzen zu Forschungsfeldern der Epidemiologie, Infektiologie, Virologie, Lüftungstechnik und Strömungsmechanik. Die Durchführung gezielter Studien sollte kurzfristig mit speziellen Förder- und Forschungsprogrammen ermöglicht werden. Dieses Papier wurde von Mitgliedern der Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung verfasst und wird von einer Vielzahl internationaler Aerosolexperten unterstützt (s. Kapitel 8). Neben der vorliegenden Version existiert auch eine englischsprachige Übersetzung (siehe www.info.gaef.de). Sämtliche Abbildungen in diesem Papier stehen unter folgendem Link zum kostenlosen Download bereit: https://www.info.gaef.de/positionspapier. Bei jeder Verwendung ist „Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung e. V.“ als Quelle zu nennen.
Many studies have already shown that viruses can spread via aerosol particles. An aerosol is a mixture of air with solid or liquid particles dispersed in it. To understand the role of aerosol particles as a transmission path of SARS-CoV-2, knowledge of the different processes in an Aerosol is therefore of particular importance. With this paper, GAeF would like to contribute to a better understanding of the term “aerosol” and the relevant aerosol processes. In the context of this paper only the essential basics will be discussed. For a deeper understanding of the partly complex processes, please refer to the literature mentioned at the end of the paper.
The paper summarises a large number of studies on the formation of virus-laden aerosol particles and their spread. Based on this, it can be concluded that exhaled aerosol particles may play a prominent role in the spread of viruses in the corona pandemic. Finally, this paper discusses possible measures to reduce the spread of aerosol particles. The measures discussed are based on the current public debate including ventilation, air purifiers, HVAC systems and masks. Advice is given on the correct and sensible use of these measures.
An aerosol is always dynamic, as particles are newly formed, transported in or with the air, removed from the air or change in the airborne state. Aerosol particles have sizes between approx. 0.001 and several 100 micrometres (and not < 5 μm as currently defined in many publications) and spread relatively quickly with air currents, even over longer distances. Larger aerosol particles sink to the ground, depending on their size and density, while small aerosol particles can remain in the air for a very long time (see Section 3). Every person emits liquid aerosol particles of various sizes through breathing and when speaking, coughing and sneezing (see Section 4). If a person is infected with a virus, such as SARS-CoV-2, these aerosol particles can contain viruses that can be released into the air and inhaled by other people. SARS-CoV-2 has a size of 0.06 to 0.14 micrometres, but the exhaled liquid aerosol particles are larger. The liquid aerosol particles can shrink by evaporation, depending on the ambient conditions (see Section 3.3). Particle size is relevant for particle transport and particle separation. The highest risk of infection exists in closed indoor spaces, as aerosol particles can accumulate there.
Here in particular, appropriate measures must be taken to reduce the concentration of aerosol particles (see Section 5).
Against the background of aerosol science, the GAeF classifies the current measures to contain the pandemic as follows:
• In principle, no measure can work on its own! According to the current state of knowledge, the interaction of the most varied measures is the best way to minimise the risk of infection.
• Keeping distance is important, because with increasing distance, directly exhaled viruses are diluted and the probability of infection decreases. The often prescribed minimum distance can be used as a guide, but it should be increased and supplemented by other measures (see below), especially for longer meetings and also indoors with reduced air movement.
• Masks help to filter some of the exhaled particles (and viruses). This reduces the concentration of exhaled particles (and viruses) in a room and thus the risk of infection. It should be noted here that the exhaled aerosol particles are relatively large due to adhering moisture and can therefore also be efficiently retained by simple masks. However, since these particles shrink with longer dwell time in the room air, simple mouth-nose masks are less efficient for self-protection. Respiratory masks are required for this purpose, which show a high degree of separation even for fine particles, e.g. of classes FFP2, N95 or KN95. These are efficient for both self-protection and protection of others unless they have an exhalation valve. Masks with an exhalation valve, on the other hand, are only for self-protection and therefore contradict the solidarity concept that fellow human beings are protected by collective mask wearing. Face shields which are used without additional masks are largely useless with regard t• aerosol particles, as the air with particles (and viruses) flows unfiltered around the shields. In everyday clinical practice, facial shields are worn in addition to masks to prevent droplet infection via the mucous membranes of the eyes. Mobile or permanently installed Plexiglas barriers are also largely ineffective against the spread of aerosols indoors. These can only prevent the smallscale spread of an aerosol in the short term, e.g. in the checkout area of a supermarket, but offer no protection in the longer term. Face shields and Plexiglas panels essentially serve as spit and splash protection against large droplets.
• Outdoors, there are practically no infections caused by aerosol transmission. However, droplet infections can still occur, especially in crowds, if minimum distances are not observed and/or masks are not worn. In closed rooms, ventilation is essential to replace the exhaled air in a room with fresh air from outside. Frequent airing and cross-ventilation is just as effective as leaving the window open all the time. From an energy point of view, however, it is more efficient to ventilate the room, especially in winter. CO2 monitors can help to monitor indoor air quality. They indicate when it is necessary to ventilate and when the air in a room has been sufficiently changed during ventilation. However, they can only be used as an indicator and even if the proposed CO2 limit concentrations are met, they do not prevent direct infection by people in the immediate vicinity.
• Air purifiers can make a useful contribution to reducing the concentration of particles and viruses in a room. When procuring air purifiers, care must be taken to ensure that they are adequately dimensioned for the room and application in question in order to significantly reduce the particle and virus load. The air throughput of the unit is more important than the pure efficiency of the filter. For energy and cost reasons, the use of highly efficient filters can even be counterproductive. Permanently installed ventilation systems can also be useful, provided they filter the air to reduce the particle and virus load in a room. To avoid infections, it is advisable to operate them with 100 % fresh air if possible.
From the point of view of the Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung, there is a considerable need for research, especially at the interdisciplinary borders to research fields of epidemiology, infectiology, virology, ventilation technology and fluid mechanics. The implementation of targeted studies should be made possible at short notice with special funding and research programmes.
This paper was written originally in German by members of the Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung and is supported by a large number of international aerosol experts. Both the English and German version as well as all images in the paper are available for free download at the following link: https://www.info.gaef.de/positionspapier. The “Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung e. V.” must be named as the source, whenever an image is used.
The polyphyletic group of black fungi within the Ascomycota (Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes) is ubiquitous in natural and anthropogenic habitats. Partly because of their dark, melanin-based pigmentation, black fungi are resistant to stresses including UV- and ionizing-radiation, heat and desiccation, toxic metals, and organic pollutants. Consequently, they are amongst the most stunning extremophiles and poly-extreme-tolerant organisms on Earth. Even though ca. 60 black fungal genomes have been sequenced to date, [mostly in the family Herpotrichiellaceae (Eurotiomycetes)], the class Dothideomycetes that hosts the largest majority of extremophiles has only been sparsely sampled. By sequencing up to 92 species that will become reference genomes, the “Shed light in The daRk lineagES of the fungal tree of life” (STRES) project will cover a broad collection of black fungal diversity spread throughout the Fungal Tree of Life. Interestingly, the STRES project will focus on mostly unsampled genera that display different ecologies and life-styles (e.g., ant- and lichen-associated fungi, rock-inhabiting fungi, etc.). With a resequencing strategy of 10- to 15-fold depth coverage of up to ~550 strains, numerous new reference genomes will be established. To identify metabolites and functional processes, these new genomic resources will be enriched with metabolomics analyses coupled with transcriptomics experiments on selected species under various stress conditions (salinity, dryness, UV radiation, oligotrophy). The data acquired will serve as a reference and foundation for establishing an encyclopedic database for fungal metagenomics as well as the biology, evolution, and ecology of the fungi in extreme environments.
Short-range order has been investigated in Zr69.5Cu12Ni11Al7.5 and Zr41.5Ti41.5Ni17 metallic glasses using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. While both of these alloys are good glass formers, there is a difference in their glass-forming abilities (Zr41.5Ti41.5Ni17 > Zr69.5Cu12Ni11Al7.5). This difference is explained by inciting the relative importance of strong chemical order, icosahedral content, cluster symmetry and configuration diversity.
We present transmission electron microscope (TEM) tomography investigations of ruthenium-based fuel cell catalyst materials as employed in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The digital three-dimensional representation of the samples not only enables detailed studies on number, size, and shape but also on the local orientation of the ruthenium particles to their support and their freely accessible surface area. The shape analysis shows the ruthenium particles deviate significantly from spherical symmetry which increases their surface to volume ratio. The morphological studies help to understand the structure formation mechanisms during the fabrication as well as the high effectiveness of these catalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode side of fuel cells.
We present transmission electron microscope (TEM) tomography investigations of ruthenium-based fuel cell catalyst materials as employed in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The digital three-dimensional representation of the samples not only enables detailed studies on number, size, and shape but also on the local orientation of the ruthenium particles to their support and their freely accessible surface area. The shape analysis shows the ruthenium particles deviate significantly from spherical symmetry which increases their surface to volume ratio. The morphological studies help to understand the structure formation mechanisms during the fabrication as well as the high effectiveness of these catalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode side of fuel cells.
Mit Nanoporen detektieren elektrochemische Biosensoren einzelne Moleküle, Nanopartikel aus molekular geprägten Polymeren erkennen Proteine und Nukleinsäuren, und Nanostrukturen verstärken die Signale in der Ramanspektroskopie. Kleiner wurden auch die Säulenmaterialien für die Flüssigkeits- chromatographie: Partikeldurchmesser liegen unterhalb von 3 µm, Porendurchmesser im 10-nm- Bereich. Nano ist aber nur ein Thema der Forschung in der analytischen Chemie. Der Trendbericht stellt in diesem Jahr auch Rastersondenmethoden und ihre Kombinationen vor, leistungsstarke Lichtquellen und neue Methoden in der Schwingungsspektroskopie, Alternativen zum induktiv gekoppelten Plasma und Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie in der Routineanalytik sowie Anwendungen in der Chemometrik.
Local structures of amorphous and quasicrystalline phases in Zr–Ti–Ni and Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu alloys have been studied by means of x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The amorphous phases show a high degree of icosahedral short-range order. In all investigated systems local order around Cu and Ni atoms was found to be nearly identical pointing to site substitution of Ni by Cu as the reason for an improved glass forming ability when Ni is partly substituted by Cu. The results strengthen an icosahedral cluster based approach for the structure of metallic glasses and indicate the importance of the medium-range order on glass formation.
This work presents an X-ray absorption spectroscopy study on a single-phase state of the Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33 compositionally complex alloy, focused on the local crystal structure around each alloying element. The comparison of 1st shell bond lengths, obtained by the analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measured at the K-edges of each alloying element, indicates that Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33 crystallizes in a distorted arrangement of an fcc lattice. A modest bond length dependence of the alloying elements with increasing atomic number is observed, with minima and maxima at Cr/Co, and Al/Cu, respectively. 1st shell bond lengths spread over ~0.03 Å; consequently, such variations cannot result in lattice distortions greater than ~0.04 Å. EXAFS results clearly indicate short-range order in the alloy: pairing of Al with Ni and Cu is favored, correlating well with a g’ precipitate composition (Al-Ni-Cu rich) reported in previous work, while Al-Cr bonding is unfavored and no Al-Al pairs are observed. Electronic structure information was obtained through comparison between near-edge regions of alloying Elements and corresponding pure metals. Intensity comparison of K-edge features agree with a charge variation of p states in Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33, where Ni and Cu act as p states electron acceptors, suggesting an orbital hybridization with Al, responsible for a shrinkage in Al metallic radius in the alloy by 0.17 Å.
A composite material is a combination of two or more materials with very different mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. The various forms of composite materials, due to their high material properties, are widely used as structural materials in the aviation, space, marine, automobile, and sports industries. However, some defects like voids, delamination, or inhomogeneous fiber distribution that form during the fabricating processes of composites can seriously affect the mechanical properties of the composite material. In this study, several imaging NDE techniques such as: thermography, high frequency eddy current, ultrasonic, x-ray radiography, x-ray laminography, and high resolution x-ray CT were conducted to characterize the microstructure of carbon fiber composites. Then, a 3D analysis was implemented by the destructive technique of serial sectioning for the same sample tested by the NDE methods. To better analyze the results of this work and extract a clear volume image for all features and defects contained in the composite material, an intensive comparison was conducted among hundreds of 3D-NDE and multi serial sections’ scan images showing the microstructure variation.
Carbon fiber composites have been increasingly used in aerospace, military, sports, automotive and other fields due to their excellent properties, including high specific strength, high specific modulus, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and low thermal expansion coefficient. Interlaminar fracture is a serious failure mode leading to a loss in composite stiffness and strength. Iscontinuities formed during manufacturing process degrade the fatigue life and interlaminar fracture resistance of the composite. In his study, three approaches were implemented and their results were correlated to quantify discontinuities effecting static and fatigue interlaminar fracture behavior of carbon fiber composites.
Samples were fabricated by hand layup vacuum bagging manufacturing process under three different vacuum levels, indicated High (-686 mmHg), Moderate (-330 mmHg) and Poor (0 mmHg). Discontinuity content was quantified throughthickness by destructive and nondestructive techniques. Eight different NDE methods were conducted including imaging NDE methods: X-Ray laminography, ultrasonic, high frequency eddy current, pulse thermography, pulse phase thermography and lock-in-thermography, and averaging NDE techniques: X-Ray refraction and thermal conductivity measurements. Samples were subsequently destructively serial sectioned through-thickness into several layers. Both static and fatigue interlaminar fracture behavior under Mode I were conducted. The results of several imaging NDE methods revealed the trend in percentages of discontinuity. However, the results of averaging NDE methods showed a clear correlation since they gave specific values of discontinuity through-thickness. Serial sectioning exposed the composite’s internal structure and provided a very clear idea about the type, shape, size, distribution and location of most discontinuities included. The results of mechanical testing showed that discontinuities lead to a decrease in Mode I static interlaminar fracture toughness and a decrease in Mode I cyclic strain energy release rates fatigue life. Finally, all approaches were correlated: the resulted NDE percentages and parameters were correlated with the features revealed by the destructive test of serial sectioning and static and fatigue values in order to quantify discontinuities such as delamination and voids.
A similar secretome disturbance as a hallmark of non-pathogenic Botrytis cinerea ATMT-mutants?
(2019)
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen able to infect
hundreds of host plants, including high-value crops such as grapevine, strawberry and tomato. In order to decipher its infectious strategy, a library of 2,144 mutants was generated by random insertional mutagenesis using Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transformation (ATMT). Twelve mutants exhibiting total loss of virulence toward different host plants were chosen for detailed analyses. Their molecular characterization revealed a single T-DNA insertion in different loci. Using a proteomics approach, the secretome of four of these strains was compared to that of the parental strain and a common profile of reduced lytic enzymes was recorded. Significant variations in this profile, notably deficiencies in the secretion of proteases and hemicellulases, were observed and validated by biochemical tests. They were also a hallmark of the remaining eight non-pathogenic strains, suggesting the importance of these secreted Proteins in the infection process. In the twelve non-pathogenic mutants, the Differentiation of infection cushions was also impaired, suggesting a link between the Penetration structures and the secretion of proteins involved in the virulence of the pathogen.
Unlike conventional alloys, high entropy alloys are characterized by one or more solid solution phase(s) without a clearly defined solvent, all element contribute to the matrix in a way that is still not entirely understood. In addition, it is not known to what extent classic thermodynamic rules can be applied to these multi-element alloys, especially concerning the question about what factor incites the matrix to undergo a phase transformation.
This work tackles directly some of these aspects on a chosen alloy, Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33 (at.%), which presents a high temperature single-phase γ state and a two-phase state with γ′ precipitates, above and below 900 ◦C, respectively. A combined investigation via microstructural observations, hardness testing, X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out above the γ′ formation temperature. Hardness values are independent of the annealing temperatures, microstructural analysis shows no phase formation and X-ray absorption spectroscopy does not reveal observable changes in neither local atomic nor electronic structure, indicating that approaching γ′ formation temperature is not influenced by atomic or electronic rearrangements.
Interestingly, short-range chemical order remains quantitatively compatible at any annealing temperature in the single-phase γ state, and the observed preferred pairs Al–Cu and Al–Ni in the γ state match with the γ’ precipitates composition below 900 ◦C.
Ultrasonic monitoring, making use of the sensitivity of the coda of repeated transmission meas-urements to changes in stress, temperature, moisture, as well as localized or distributed damage, has gotten at-tention in structural health monitoring (SHM) research recently. Analysis methods such as coda wave inter-ferometry (CWI), including its nonlinear extension, have been shown to be able to measure ultrasonic wave velocity changes with a 1∙10-5 resolution, while indicators such as cross-correlation or cross-coherence have been used to distinguish between reversible and irreversible changes. Several small- and large-scale laboratory experiments have demonstrated that stress changes in structures can be captured or damage detected in a very early stage. The use of this technique for pre-warning before failure are currently under investigation, as well as detailed research on the physical causes and the connection between ultrasonic wave properties and materi-al/structural behavior. Recently, several of large-scale laboratory and real structures have been instrumented with embedded ultrasonic transducers to gather experience and evidence on how to use this technology in re-al-world applications. Preliminary results from installations on a new bridge, an existing bridge, a tunnel, a la-boratory earthquake test as well as a historic stadium in Germany, Poland, and the United States, respectively, are presented. Environmental influences (mainly temperature) and validation by load tests are discussed.