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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites based on Layered Double Hydroxide and Carbon Nanotubes
(2013)
Polymer based nanocomposites by melt blending of synthesized ZnAl-Layered Double Hydroxide (ZnAl-LDH) and Polyolefines [Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE)] and also Polylactide (PLA) with MgAl-LDH and multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated. The LDH was organically modified by using a surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) to increase the interlayer spacing of the LDH, so that polymer chains can intercalate the inter layer galleries. Some amount of maleic anhydride grafted PP and PE were incorporated in the nanocomposites based on PP and PE respectively to enable the interaction of the non-polar polymers (PP and PE) with the LDH. The resulting morphology was investigated by a combination of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Small and Wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) and broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (BDS). In case of LDH based nanocomposites (PP, PE and PLA), the homogeneity of the nanocomposites and the average number of stack size (4 – 7 layers) were determined using scanning micro focus SAXS (BESSY II). DSC investigations of PP and PE based LDH nanocomposites showed a linear decrease in crystallinity as a function of filler concentration. The extrapolation of this decreasing dependence to zero estimates a limiting concentration of 40 wt% and 45 wt% respectively. Above this amount of LDH the crystallinity of the polymers is completely suppressed. This finding is in agreement with WAXS investigations where the area below the crystalline reflections and amorphous halo were calculated and used to estimate the degree of crystallinity. PLA/LDH nanocomposites presented a little different behavior, the crystallinity of the polymer at first increases and then decreases as a function of LDH concentration. In this case the crystallinity will be suppressed at around 15 wt%. The dielectric spectra of the nanocomposites based on PP/LDH and PE/LDH show several relaxation processes which are discussed in detail. The intensity of the dynamic glass transition increases with the concentration of LDH. This is attributed to the increasing concentration of the exchanged anion dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) which is adsorbed at the LDH layers. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the β-relaxation provides information about the structure and the molecular dynamics in the interfacial region between the LDH layers and the polymer matrix which is otherwise dielectrically invisible (low dipole moment, non-polar). In case of PLA/LDH, three relaxation processes related to dynamic glass transition and one localized fluctuations were identified and analyzed in detail to understand the morphology. For this system, one dynamic glass transition process originates from the fluctuations of the interfacial molecules, second from the PLA matrix (polar polymer, C=O in the main chain) and the third from segments confined between the intercalated LDH sheets. Additional thermal investigations were carried out for PP/LDH and PLA/LDH samples. The increase in the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) was observed in both the cases. This is attributed to the polymer molecules which are in close proximity to LDH sheets, as they hinder their mobility. This is analyzed in detail and related to the BDS results. PLA based MWCNT nanocomposites were investigated by BDS as initial result. The findings showed that between 0.5 and 1 wt% of CNT, a percolating network of the nanotubes is formed which leads to DC conductivity. This is due to the high aspect ratio of the CNTs and also the van der Waals interaction between the nanotubes which forms a network leading to conductivity.
Combined FTIR and dielectric investigation of poly(vinyl acetate) adsorbed on silica particles
(2013)
Samples with different amounts of poly(vinyl acetate) adsorbed on silica particles were prepared in order to study their interfacial interactions and dynamics. The interface of adsorbed polymers to a substrate plays an important role in many applications such as polymer nanocomposites, thin films, and coatings. Characterization of such interfaces is thus of high importance since they were found to differ from bulk properties. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is applied to analyze the amounts of polymer adsorbed on silica particles. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) is employed in a broad frequency (10–1–106 Hz) and temperature range (178–423 K) in order to probe the polymer/silica interface. Two relaxation processes can be identified for the composites: one corresponding to the bulklike polymer and a second one related to polymer chains close to the silica surface. For the latter the dynamic glass transition is shifted to higher temperature due to reduced mobility. This effect is investigated in dependence on the polymer content. Further investigations are done to obtain information about bound and free carbonyl fractions of poly(vinyl acetate) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements.
Structure-Property relationships of nanocomposites based on Polyolefins and Layered Double Hydroxide
(2011)
Artificial weathering of LDPE under dry conditions (<10% of relative humidity) by UV radiation was monitored
by dielectric spectroscopy. For an apolar polymer like LDPE, dielectric study yields information
about the change in structure and dynamics of the system. The fluctuations of the polar groups which
are generated as a result of photooxidation such as carbonyl groups can be monitored as characteristic
relaxation processes like the αc or β mode. The dielectric loss characterized by typical dielectric parameters
like the activation energy and dielectric strength are strongly dependent upon changes induced
by photooxidation in the amorphous and crystalline domains. This paper discusses in detail how the foil
reached its mechanical disintegration. It was found that initial stages of weathering induce chain scission
and/or crosslinking in the amorphous domains of the polymer and the motional processes in the crystalline
regions are not affected. After this induction period, an increase in the degree of crystallization was
observed by employing differential calorimetry. The increasing crystallinity is considered as one of the
reasons for embrittlement which finally leads to the complete loss of the structural integrity.
Structure-property relationship of Nanocomposites based on Polylactide and Layered Double Hydroxide
(2012)
Structure-property relationship of Nanocomposites based on Polylactide and Layered Double Hydroxid
(2012)
Organically modified ZnAl Layered Double Hydroxides (ZnAl-LDH) was synthesized and melt blended with polyethylene to obtain nanocomposites. The resulting morphology was investigated by a combination of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Small and Wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). The arrangement (intercalation) of polyethylene chains between LDH stacks was investigated employing SAXS. The homogeneity of the nanocomposites and average number of stack size (4–6 layers) were determined using scanning microfocus SAXS (BESSY II). DSC and WAXS results show that the degree of crystallinity decreases linearly with the increasing content of LDH. The extrapolation of this dependence to zero estimates a limiting concentration of ca. 45% LDH where the crystallization of PE is completely suppressed by the nanofiller. The dielectric spectra of the nanocomposites show several relaxation processes which are discussed in detail. The intensity of the dynamic glass transition (β-relaxation) increases with the concentration of LDH. This is attributed to the increasing concentration of the exchanged anion sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) which is adsorbed at the LDH layers. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the β-relaxation provides information about the structure and the molecular dynamics in the interfacial region between the LDH layers and the polyethylene matrix which is otherwise dielectrically invisible (low dipole moment).
Polymer based nanocomposites by melt blending of synthesized ZnAl-Layered Double Hydroxide (ZnAl-LDH) and polypropylene (PP) were investigated by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). The LDH was organically modified by using a surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) to increase the interlayer spacing of the LDH, so that polymer segments can intercalate the inter layer galleries. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and the thermal relaxation strength (Δcp) were determined. The Tg remains constant for concentration till 12 wt% of LDH and a slight reduction of 3 K might be observed for 16 wt% LDH but within the experimental error. The thermal relaxation strength decreases indicating reduction in the amount of mobile polymer segments from amorphous fraction. This finding is supported by the increase in the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) which is attributed to the polymer molecules which are in close proximity to the crystals and the LDH sheets, as they hinder their mobility. This is analyzed in detail and related to the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (BDS) results.