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Organisationseinheit der BAM
An important focus of research in Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is to determine the task-specific measurement uncertainty of CT measurements numerically by using simulations. For this, all relevant influence factors need to be identified and quantified. It is known, for example, that geometrical misalignments of the detector lead to measurement deviations if the reconstruction does not consider these misalignments. This contribution uses computer simulation of CT data to investigate the influence of geometrical misalignments of the detector on several measurands found in typical measurements tasks in the industry. A newly developed test specimen with a broad variety of features is used for this study. Angular and positional detector deviations are systematically introduced into the simulations and deliberately left uncompensated during the CT reconstruction. The resulting measurement deviations are shown and discussed.
This contribution presents a set of largely novel reference standards specially designed for testing different important physical effects and functionalities of radiography-based computed tomography (CT) simulation software. These standards were developed within the scope of the German cooperation project “CTSimU – Radiographic Computed Tomography Simulation for Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation” [1] and serve as tools for the basic qualification of the sufficient physical correctness and required features of simulation software of CT-based coordinate measurement systems (CMSs) via the analyses either of 2D projection images only or of full CT scans. The results serve as input to the German standardisation committee for the development of a new national VDI/VDE guideline in the series VDI/VDE 2630 dealing with the basic qualification aspect of CT simulation software and shall lay ground for the measurement uncertainty determination of dimensional measurements using CT.
A software toolbox is introduced that addresses several needs common to computed tomography (CT). Built for the WIPANO CTSimU project to serve as the reference implementation for its image processing and evaluation tasks, it provides a Python 3 interface that is adaptable to many conceivable applications. Foremost, the toolbox features a pipeline architecture for sequential 2D image processing tasks, such as flat field corrections and image binning, and enables the user to create their own processing modules. Beyond that, it provides means to measure line profiles and image quality assessment algorithms to calculate modulation transfer functions (MTF) or to determine the interpolated basic spatial resolution (iSRb) using a duplex wire image. It can also be used to calculate projection matrices for the reconstruction of scans with arbitrary industrial CT geometries and trajectories. The CTSimU project defined a framework of projection- and volume-based test scenarios for the qualification of radiographic simulation software towards its use in dimensional metrology. The toolbox implements the necessary evaluation routines and generates reports for all projection-based tests.
Die industrielle Röntgen-Computertomografie (CT) etabliert sich für die Anwendung in der dimensionellen Messtechnik. Sie bietet als zerstörungsfreies Messverfahren das Potential, sowohl innen- als auch außenliegende Merkmale holistisch zu erfassen. Für die Bestimmung der Güte eines Messwerts muss die dem Messwert zugeordnete Messunsicherheit ermittelt werden. Dabei kann, nach derzeitigem Stand der Technik und Normung, die aufgabenspezifische Messunsicherheit nach VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 2.1 nur unter hohem Aufwand mit einer Vielzahl an experimentellen Wiederholmessungen ermittelt werden. Ziel diverser Forschungs-projekte zu diesem Thema ist es daher, eine numerische Messunsicherheitsbestimmung zu erreichen. Dafür ist es notwendig, alle signifikanten Einflussgrößen zu erfassen, deren Unsicherheitsbeiträge zu bestimmen und zu bewerten. In diesem Beitrag wird der Einfluss des Bildrauschens auf verschiedene dimensionelle Messgrößen simulativ untersucht. Mithilfe eines prismatischen Prüfkörpers, der eine Vielzahl an Geometrieelementen aufweist, werden verschiedene Messgrößen unterschiedlicher Komplexität betrachtet. Ziel ist es, für diese Messgrößen zu testen, wie diese auf das Bildrauschen reagieren. Dieses wird dabei durch das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) der Projektionsgrauwerte beschrieben und variiert. Es werden Wiederholsimulationen durchgeführt, damit eine statistische Aussage über die Verteilung der Messwerte möglich ist und der Einfluss des Rauschens auf verschiedene Messgrößen individuell beurteilt werden kann. Das Simulationsszenario wird so gestaltet, dass lediglich das Bildrauschen Einfluss auf die Messung hat. Die berechneten Verteilungsbreiten lassen mit sinkendem SNR eine deutliche Zunahme erkennen, insbesondere bei der Bestimmung von Formabweichungen. Simuliert wird mit der Software aRTist 2.10 (BAM).
The ability of industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) to scan an object with several internal and external features at once causes increasing adoption in dimensional metrology. In order to evaluate the quality of a measurement value, the task-specific measurement uncertainty has to be determined. Currently, VDI/VDE 2630 part 2.1 gives a guideline to determine the uncertainty of CT measurements experimentally by conducting repeated measurements. This is costly and time-consuming. Thus, the aim is to determine the task-specific measurement uncertainty numerically by simulations (e. g. according to the guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) Supplement 1). To achieve that, a digital twin is necessary. This contribution presents a simple first approach how a digital twin can be built. In order to evaluate this approach, a study comparing measurements and simulations of different real CT systems was carried out by determining the differences between the measurement results of the digital twin and of the measurement results of the real-world CT systems. The results have shown a moderate agreement between real and simulated data. To improve on this aspect, a standardized method to characterize CT systems and methods to implement CT parameters into the simulation with sufficient accuracy will be developed.
The interest in using computer simulations of dimensional x-ray computed tomography (dXCT) for various metrological purposes—such as measurement planning, performance prediction, performance optimisation and, finally, measurement uncertainty estimation—is increasing along with the ever-growing demand for more reliable measurements with dXCT. However, before a piece of simulation software can be used for tasks related to coordinate metrology, it has to be ensured that it is able to simulate physical laws, characteristic effects and basic CT system functionalities correctly and with sufficient accuracy. In short, the software must be qualified for dimensional metrology tasks. As one part of such a qualification process, a method is presented here for determining conformity intervals of 2D tests (projection-based tests) based on 3D tests (testing based on dimensional evaluations in a reconstructed volume) for the assessment of dXCT simulation software. The method consists of varying relevant parameter values in order to verify their influence on 3D measurement results. The results of the 3D tests with varied parameter values are then transferred to the quantities tested in the 2D tests and used as the basis for determining conformity intervals. Two approaches are applied for determining whether or not a variation of a parameter value is significant: (a) statistical and (b) heuristic. Two examples are presented, each based on simulated images, which show the application of the two different approaches for determining conformity intervals for the results of the 2D tests.