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A regularized model for impact in explicit dynamics applied to the split Hopkinson pressure bar
(2016)
In the numerical simulation of Impact phenomena, artificial oscillations can occur due to an instantaneous change of velocity in the contact area. In this paper, a nonlinear penalty regularization is used to avoid these oscillations. Aparticular focus is the investigation of higher order methods in space and time to increase the computational efficiency. The spatial discretization is realized by higher order spectral element methods that are characterized by a diagonal mass matrix. The time integration scheme is based on half-explicit Runge–Kutta scheme of fourth order. For the conditionally stable scheme, the critical time step is influenced by the penalty regularization. A framework is presented to adjust the penalty stiffness and the time step for a specific mesh to avoid oscillations. The methods presented in this paper are applied to 1D-simulations of a split Hopkinson pressure bar, which is commonly used for the investigation of materials under dynamic loading.
Coupling of an isogeometric surface and bulk finite element discretization for contact problems
(2018)
This work aims at combining the advantages of both discretization procedures (IGA and FEM) by coupling an isogeometric contact surface with a bulk FE-discretization. The isogeometric contact interface is represented by a NURBS surface, which is tied to the FE mesh. For the discretization of the bulk parts, higher order spectral elements are used. The contact problem is discretized with the mortar method and a penalty approach is used to enforce the contact constraints. Two different types of coupling of the NURBS surface and the bulk part are considered: mortar and pointwise mesh tying. The mortar mesh tying approach shows accurate results, whereas the pointwise tying leads to large oscillations in the contact stresses. Element-based quadrature is applied for mortar tying, as well as for mortar contact discretizations. Using an isogeometric layer, the related quadrature error can be efficiently reduced by a higher degree interpolation or increased integration order.
The simulation of the structural response for impact scenarios strongly requires an accurate simulation of both the impact event as well as the subsequent wave propagation. The numerical modeling of the impact event is intrinsically ill-posed due to the instantaneous changes of velocities in the contact area, leading to unbounded accelerations for decreasing time steps which causes oscillations in the contact stresses. These oscillations then propagate into the bulk material. Using a rate dependent material model, like concrete, they might lead to significant errors and a wrong prediction of the structural response. A regularization is thus required to avoid oscillations in the contact stresses. Another issue is related to the numerical computation of the contact conditions. In impact simulations, the nonlinear contact computation needs to be evaluated in every time step. A segmentation technique of the contact area is accurate but time consuming and may result in a bottleneck for the simulation and implementation, especially for 3D problems. The modeling of the subsequent wave propagation requires small time steps, which is primarily due to accuracy reasons. Implicit schemes are thus not affordable. Explicit time integration schemes are efficient only for diagonal mass matrices, as in this case no solution of a linear system is required. In this work, a coupled finite element - Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (FE-NURBS) approach is applied to impact problems. The coupled approach uses an intermediate NURBS layer to compute the contact forces between the contacting bodies discretized by FEs. The advantages of a smooth isogeometric contact formulation are used to compute the contact forces. A segmentation of the contact area is avoided and an efficient element-based integration is used. The impact event is regularized using a mesh dependent nonlinear penalty approach. The penalty function is a polynomial which ensures a smooth transition between the noncontact and the contact state during the impact. For finer meshes, the penalty regularization becomes stiffer while still avoiding artificial oscillations in the contact stresses. Efficient higher order space and time discretizations are used to model the wave propagation. Explicit time integration is combined with higher order spectral element spatial discretization.
In this paper, the impact problem and the subsequent wave Propagation are considered. For the contact discretization an intermediate non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) layer is added between the contacting finite element bodies, which allows a smooth contact formulation and efficient element-based integration.
The impact event is ill-posed and requires a regularization to avoid propagating stress oscillations. A nonlinear mesh-dependent penalty regularization is used, where the stiffness of the penalty regularization increases upon mesh refinement. Explicit time integration methods are well suited for wave propagation problems, but are efficient only for diagonal mass matrices. Using a spectral element discretization in combination with a NURBS contact layer the bulk part of the mass matrix is diagonal.
In this paper, the impact problem and the subsequent wave propagation are considered. For the contact discretization an intermediate NURBS layer is added between the contacting finite element bodies, which allows a smooth contact formulation and efficient element‐based integration. The impact event is ill‐posed and requires a regularization to avoid propagating stress oscillations. A nonlinear mesh dependent penalty regularization is used, where the stiffness of the penalty regularization increases upon mesh refinement. Explicit time integration methods are well suited for wave propagation problems, but are efficient only for diagonal mass matrices. Using a spectral element discretization and the coupled FE‐NURBS approach the bulk part of the mass matrix is diagonal.
Coupling of an isogeometric surface and bulk finite element discretization for contact problems
(2018)
The finite element (FE) framework is a standard tool for the simulation of mechanical problems providing advantages like automated meshing algorithms and effcient quadrature rules. However, for contact problems, the FE discretization is - due to the C0 continuity at element intersections - characterized by a non-smooth normal feld.
Conversely, isogeometric discretizations provide a smooth normal feld also at interelement borders and were recently applied to contact mechanical problems using the mortar method. The application of isogeometric analysis for complex volumetric problems has not reached the same level of automation as the FE-framework, i.e. due to the intricate mesh generation.
This work aims at combining the advantages of both discretization procedures by coupling an isogeometric contact surface with a bulk FE-discretization. The isogeometric contact interface is represented by a NURBS surface, which is tied to the FE mesh. For the discretization of the bulk parts, higher order spectral elements are used. The contact problem is discretized with the mortar method and a penalty approach is used to enforce the contact constraints. Two different types of coupling of the NURBS surface and the bulk part are considered: mortar and pointwise mesh tying. The mortar mesh tying approach shows accurate results, whereas the pointwise tying leads to large oscillations in the contact stresses. Element-based quadrature is applied for mortar tying, as well as for mortar contact discretizations. Using an isogeometric layer, the related quadrature error can be effciently reduced by a higher degree interpolation or increased integration order.
In this paper, a contact problem between two bodies, discretized by finite elements, is solved by adding an auxiliary NURBS layer between the bodies. The advantages of a smooth contact formulation in a NURBS approach are combined with simple mesh generation procedures for the bodies discretized with finite elements. Mesh tying conditions are used to couple the NURBS layer with the finite element discretization. The NURBS layer is the master side for contact and mesh tying. Mesh tying is enforced either using pointwise or mortar type approaches. Frictionless 2D and 3D contact problems are considered using small deformations. The contact problem is discretized with the mortar method and a penalty approach is used to enforce the contact constraints. A robust element-based quadrature is applied for mortar tying and contact discretizations, thus avoiding computationally expensive Segmentation.