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Because of the rising application of nanoparticles in food and food-related products, we investigated the influence of the digestion process on the toxicity and cellular uptake of silver nanoparticles for intestinal cells. The main food components – carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids – were implemented in an in vitro digestion process to simulate realistic conditions. Digested and undigested silver nanoparticle suspensions were used for uptake studies in the well-established Caco-2 model. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to estimate particle core size, size distribution and stability in cell culture medium. Particles proved to be stable and showed radii from 3.6 to 16.0 nm. Undigested particles and particles digested in the presence of food components were comparably taken up by Caco-2 cells, whereas the uptake of particles digested without food components was decreased by 60%. Overall, these findings suggest that in vivo ingested poly (acrylic acid)-coated silver nanoparticles may reach the intestine in a nanoscaled form even if enclosed in a food matrix. While appropriate for studies on the uptake into intestinal cells, the Caco-2 model might be less suited for translocation studies. Moreover, we show that nanoparticle digestion protocols lacking food components may lead to misinterpretation of uptake studies and inconclusive results.
Resovist® originally developed as a clinical liver contrast agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging exhibits also an outstanding performance as a tracer in Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI). In order to study the physical mechanism of the high MPI performance of Resovist®, we applied asymmetric flow fieldflow fractionation (A4F) and static magnetic fractionation (SMF) to separate Resovist® into a set of fractions with defined size classes. As A4F based on an elution method separates MNP according to their hydrodynamic size, SMF fractionates a particle distribution by its magnetic moment. The obtained fractions of both separation techniques were then magnetically characterized by magnetorelaxometry measurements to extract the corresponding effective magnetic anisotropy and hydrodynamic size distribution parameters. Additionally, the MPI performance of each fraction was assessed using magnetic particle spectroscopy. With both separation techniques fractions (normalized to their iron amount) an MPI signal gain of a factor of two could be obtained, even though the distribution of effective anisotropy and hydrodynamic size were significantly different. Relating these findings to the results from magnetic characterization allows for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of MPI performance of Resovist®. This knowledge may help to improve the design of novel MPI tracers and development of separation methods.
We studied the magnetic resonance imaging liver contrast agent Resovist by a variety of magnetic measurement techniques, in order to understand the physical mechanism of their high magnetic particle imaging (MPI) performance, wirh a focus on the size-dependent contributions of the MPI signal. To this end, we used asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation to separate Resovist into a set of fractions with defined hydrodynamic diameters. The individual fractions were magnetically characterized by static magnetization and magnetorelaxometry measurements to obtain the corresponding effective magnetic anisotropy and effective size distribution parameters. In addition, the MPI performance of each fraction was assessed by magnetic particle spectroscopy. We observed an MPI signal gain of about 100% with respect to their iron amount for the best fraction. Relating these finding to the results from magnetic characterization provides more insight into mechanisms of MPI performance of Resovist. This knowledge may help to improve the design of novel MPI tracers.
Orally ingested nanoparticles may overcome the gastrointestinal barrier, reach the circulatory system, be distributed in the organism and cause adverse health effects. However, ingested nanoparticles have to pass through different physicochemical environments, which may alter their properties before they reach the intestinal cells. In this study, silver nanoparticles are characterised physicochemically during the course of artificial digestion to simulate the biochemical processes occurring during digestion. Their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells was investigated using the Caco-2 cell model. Using field-flow fractionation combined with dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering, the authors found that particles only partially aggregate as a result of the digestive process. Cell viabilities were determined by means of CellTiter-Blue® assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-staining and real-time impedance. These measurements reveal small differences between digested and undigested particles (1–100 µg/ml or 1–69 particles/cell). The findings suggest that silver nanoparticles may indeed overcome the gastrointestinal juices in their particulate form without forming large quantities of aggregates. Consequently, the authors presume that the particles can reach the intestinal epithelial cells after ingestion with only a slight reduction in their cytotoxic potential. The study indicates that it is important to determine the impact of body fluids on the nanoparticles of interest to provide a reliable interpretation of their nano-specific cytotoxicity testing in vivo and in vitro.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Online-Kopplung der Asymmetrischen Fluss- Feldflussfraktionierung (A4F) mit Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung (SAXS) als leistungsfähiges analytisches Werkzeug vorgestellt und auf aktuelle Problemstellungen in der Nanopartikelanalytik wie auch auf Modellsysteme praxisrelevanter Polymere angewandt. Die A4F bietet die Möglichkeit, Suspensionen oder Lösungen von Teilchen ihrer Größe nach aufzutrennen. Bedingt durch das besondere Trennprinzip werden auf den Analyten nur minimale Scherkräfte wirksam, die im Gegensatz dazu bei anderen chromatographischen Methoden in erheblichem Maße auftreten können. Dies ermöglicht auch die Bearbeitung von diesbezüglich sehr empfindlichen Proben ohne dabei deren Integrität zu manipulieren. Die Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung ermöglicht die zerstörungsfreie Untersuchung von Strukturmerkmalen in einer Größendomäne von etwa einem bis einhundert Nanometern. Durch die Kopplung mit A4F wird die Komplexität der ausgewählten Systeme maßgeblich verringert, die sonst aufgrund der sehr breiten Größenverteilungen der enthaltenen Teilchen schwer zu charakterisieren sind. Es konnten mit dieser Methodik detaillierte Aussagen über die Probenbeschaffenheit in Hinblick auf Teilchengestalt, -größenverteilung bzw. -konformation getroffen werden. Die Einbindung eines Dynamischen Lichtstreudetektors in den Kopplungsaufbau ließ noch weitergehende Aussagen zu. So wurde gezeigt, dass eine Nanopartikelsuspension sowohl hinsichtlich der Form, Größe und Größenverteilung der Nanopartikelkerne als auch der Stärke der Stabilisatorschicht in einem Online-Experiment charakterisiert werden kann. Diese Parameter sind wichtige Kenngrößen, die sowohl für die Funktionalität als auch Bioverfügbarkeit und Toxizität von Nanopartikeln maßgeblich sind und auf diese Weise zeitsparend und mit hoher Präzision erhalten werden konnten. Desweiteren wurde diese Kopplungsmethode erstmals auf verschiedene Polymersysteme wie Polyvinylpyrrolidon sowie starke und schwache Polyelektrolyte mit Erfolg angewendet. Durch die eingesetzte Größentrennung können Proben in einem sehr weiten Molmassenbereich fraktioniert werden, die häufig zu unerwünschten Wechselwirkungen in trägerbasierten Trennmethoden neigen. Durch die verwendete Röntgenstreuung konnten auch Strukturdetails kleiner Polymer- Größenfraktionen aufgelöst werden, die mit üblichen Standardverfahren nicht mehr zugänglich sind.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-timeof-flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging of polystyrenes with various molecular masses was applied to study spatial molecular mass distribution of polymers in sample spots prepared by the 'dried droplet' method. When different solvents and target surfaces were examined, a segregation of single homologous polymers was observed depending upon the evaporation rate of the solvent. For the observed Patterns left by the evaporating droplet, a hypothesis is offered taking into account different hydrodynamic interactions and diffusion.
The results illustrate that spot preparation using the conventionally 'dried droplet' method is prone to artifacts and should be avoided for reliable and reproducible MALDI mass spectrometry experiments with regards to the Determination of molecular masses and mass distributions.
Processing nanoparticles with A4F-SAXS for toxicological studies: Iron oxide in cell-based assays
(2011)
Nanoparticles are not typically ready-to-use for in vitro cell culture assays. Prior to their use in assays, powder samples containing nanoparticles must be dispersed, de-agglomerated, fractionated by size, and characterized with respect to size and size distribution. For this purpose we report exemplarily on polyphosphate-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous suspension. Fractionation and online particle size analysis was performed in a time-saving procedure lasting 50 min by combining asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (A4F) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Narrowly distributed nanoparticle fractions with radii of gyration (Rg) from 7 to 21 nm were obtained from polydisperse samples. The A4F-SAXS combination is introduced for the preparation of well-characterized sample fractions originating from a highly polydisperse system as typically found in engineered nanoparticles. A4F-SAXS processed particles are ready-to-use for toxicological studies. The results of preliminary tests of the effects of fractionated iron oxide nanoparticles with a Rg of 15 nm on a human colon model cell line are reported.