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- VOC (6)
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- Pentabromdiphenylether (PentaBDE) (2)
Eingeladener Vortrag
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The present study comprises the characterisation of museum show cases concerning their hazardous potential for
art objects. In order to estimate potential risks of damage the emission of volatile organic compounds coming from
several construction materials is monitored and different air exchange rates from exhibit cases are determined. For
the determination of the VOCs different methods were applied. The first step is a direct thermal extraction of the
materials followed by emission test chamber measurements. The tracer gas method with N2O that is used in this study is a convenient procedure to investigate air exchange rates under working conditions greater than 0.05 d-1. The results of this study confirm the importance of the careful choice concerning building materials for show cases. Furthermore the analyses clarify that certain organic compounds might be a problem for the exhibits in show cases with low air exchange rates.
In accordance with the Directive 2003/11/EC amending the Council Directive 76/769/EEC for the 24th time, pentabromo
and octabromo diphenylethers may not be used or put on the market in concentrations higher than 0.1 % by mass.
To verify this threshold value a standard measurement method for the determination of selected pentabromo
diphenylethers (pentaBDE-isomers) and octabromo diphenylethers (octaBDE-isomers) in polymers based on gas
chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed. The following target compounds were selected for the investigations: BDE85 (2,2,3,4,4-pentaBDE), BDE99 (2,2,4,4,5- pentaBDE), BDE100 (2,2,4,4,6-pentaBDE), BDE203 (2,2,3,4,4,5,5,6-octaBDE), BDE196 (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,6-octaBDE), BDE197 (2,2,3,3,4,4,6,6-OctaBDE). The following reference materials were prepared: polyurethane (PUR-H) and epoxy resin (EP) containing 0.1 % by mass of sum of pentaBDE isomers, polystyrene (PS) and acrylnitril-butadiene-styrenecopolymer (ABS) containing 0.1 % by weight of sum of octaBDE isomers. For quality assurance of the standard measurement method an interlaboratory comparison was conducted between 1 June and 30 November 2004 where 18 participants were involved. Data assessment was performed in accordance with DIN ISO 5725-2:2002-12 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic methods for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. The following general mean values and standard deviations were obtained: 1.09 ± 0.16 mg g-1 (15 %) (sum pentaBDE isomers/EP), 1.3 ± 0.19 mg g-1 (15 %) (sum pentaBDE isomers/PUR-H), 0.99 ± 0.27 mg g-1 (27 %) (sum octaBDE isomers/PS), 0.42 ± 0.11 mg g-1 (26 %) (sum octaBDE isomers/ABS). The reproducibility standard deviation sRj and repeatability standard deviation srj were calculated as statistical parameters. The repeatability of the sum of pentaBDE isomers in EP was srj= 0.044 mg g-1 (4.0 %) and the reproducibility was sRj = 0.167 mg g-1 (15 %). srj and the sRj were 0.038 mg g-1 (2.9 %) and 0.195 mg g-1 (15 %), respectively, for the sum of pentaBDE isomers in PUR-H. For the sum of octaBDE isomers in ABS srj and sRj were determined to 0.029 mg g-1 (6.9 %) and 0.114 mg g-1 (27 %), respectively. For the sum of octaBDE isomers in PS the srj = 0.043 mg g-1 (4.3 %) and sRj = 0.255 mg g-1 (26 %) were obtained.
Im Rahmen der Richtlinie 2003/11/EG zur 24. Änderung der Richtlinie 76/769/EWG wurde ein Grenzwert von 0,1 Gewichts-% für penta- und octabromierte Diphenylether in Erzeugnissen festgelegt. Zur Überprüfung dieses Grenzwertes wurde ein Standardanalyseverfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung von ausgewählten Pentabromdiphenylethern (PentaBDE-Isomere) und Octabromdiphenylethern (OctaBDE-Isomere) in Polymeren mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (GC/MS) entwickelt. Zur Verfahrensentwicklung wurden folgende Isomere ausgewählt: BDE85 (2,2,3,4,4-PentaBDE), BDE99 (2,2,4,4,5- PentaBDE), BDE100 (2,2,4,4,6-PentaBDE), BDE203 (2,2,3,4,4,5,5,6-OctaBDE), BDE196 (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,6-OctaBDE) und BDE197 (2,2,3,3,4,4,6,6-OctaBDE). Vorbereitend wurden folgende Modellpolymere hergestellt: Polyurethan (PUR-H) mit 0,1 Gew.-% Summe PentaBDEIsomere, Epoxidharz (EP) mit 0,1 Gew.-% Summe PentaBDE-Isomere, Polystyrol (PS) und Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol- Copolymer (ABS) mit jeweils 0,1 Gew.-% Summe OctaBDE-Isomere. Im Rahmen des Projektes wurde ein Ringversuch mit 18 Teilnehmern durchgeführt, bei dem die genannten Polymere dem Standardanalyseverfahren unterzogen wurden. Der Ringversuch wurde zwischen dem 01. Juni und 30. November 2004 veranstaltet. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte in Anlehnung an DIN ISO 5725-2:2002-12 Genauigkeit (Richtigkeit und Präzision) von Messverfahren und Messergebnissen, Teil 2: Grundlegende Methode für die Ermittlung der Wiederhol- und
Vergleichpräzision eines vereinheitlichten Messverfahrens. Folgende Mittelwerte der Ermittlungsergebnisse sowie
Standardabweichungen wurden bestimmt: 1,09 ± 0,16 mg g-1 (15 %) (Summe PentaBDE-Isomere/EP), 1,3 ± 0,19 mg g-1 (15 %) (Summe PentaBDE-Isomere/PUR-H), 0,99 ± 0,27 mg g-1 (27 %) (Summe OctaBDEIsomere/PS), 0,42 ± 0,11 mg g-1 (26 %) (Summe OctaBDE-Isomere/ABS). Als statistische Kennzahlen für das Standardanalyseverfahren wurde folgende Parameter ermittelt: Für PentaBDE-Isomere in EP wurde eine Wiederholstandardabweichung von srj = 0,044 mg g-1 (4,0 %) und eine Vergleichstandardabweichung sRj = 0,167 mg g-1 (15 %) bestimmt. Für PentaBDE-Isomere in PUR-H ergab sich für srj = 0,038 mg g-1 (2,9 %) und sRj = 0,195 mg g-1 (15 %). Für OctaBDE-Isomere in ABS ergab sich für srj = 0,029 mg g-1 (6,9 %) und sRj = 0,114 mg g-1 (27 %) und für OctaBDE-Isomere in PS srj = 0,043 mg g-1 (4,3 %) und sRj = 0,255 mg g-1 (26 %).
Background to the studies was the revision of the current selection criteria of the German ecolabel Blauer Engel (Blue angel) for copiers and printers. In the requirements limits were set for ozone, dust and styrene emissions. The former test methods did no longer correspond to todays requirements with regard to emission measurements. In addition, the emission behaviour of hardcopy devices due to the use of different and non-com parable test methods has been recently discussed controversely. For this reason a new test method had to be developed which enables a reliable, reproducible determination of emission rates (ER) for dust, ozone and VOC (volatile organic compounds). The basis for this was the ECMA-Standard 328 compiled by ECMA (European Computer Manufacturer Association) using dynamic chamber measurements. Nine different machines, desktop laser printers as well as office devices like bigger copiers and multifunctional devices were investigated. As a result of the study new criteria for the Blauer Engel for copiers, printers and a new created for multifunctional devices, concerning TVOC, ozone and dust emission were determined. Additionally a model is presented calculating the concentrations in real rooms under usual printing conditions derived from the test chamber results.