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Draft standards for the determination of organic pollutants in the solid matter of environmental matrices such as sludge, treated biowaste and soil have been basically developed in the framework of the European standardization project HORIZONTAL. A research project financed by the German Federal Environment Agency was initiated to finalize some of these CEN standard drafts, since fully validated standard procedures are crucial for the evaluation of their reliability in the context of implementation in legislation on environmental health.
Approach: Appropriate test materials (< 2mm particle size) were prepared and homogenized from contaminated soils, sludge and treated biowaste containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, furans and dioxin-like-PCB and served, along with reference solutions, as the basis for international interlaboratory comparisons. Performance data of three analytical standard procedures were obtained by the statistical evaluation of results received from 11 to 29 participants per test material.
Results: The overall variation coefficients of reproducibility (between-lab standard deviations) for the sum parameters were roughly between 10 and 35 %. The variation coefficients of repeatability (within-lab standard deviations) range between 3 % and 8 % and show no trend considering the substance groups or matrices.
The highest coefficients of reproducibility were found for the analysis of PAHs, which were between 26 and 35 %, depending on the matrix, whereas 7-17 % reproducibility was observed for toxicity equivalents (TEQ) comprising dioxins, furans and dl-PCB.
Conclusions: Overall, the results confirm that the procedures described in the Technical Specifications are fit for purpose for all three matrices and that the feasibility of the HORIZONTAL approach, to cover several matrices with one standard per analyte, was thereby proven.
Column leaching tests are frequently used and accepted for investigation of release of hazardous substances from solid materials. Independent of differences due to the field of application or national regulations, column tests assume that local equilibrium is established in the experiment which facilitates transfer of results to field conditions. In the process of harmonization and standardization within Europe the question on the influence of flow rate and grain size distribution on the local equilibrium was raised. Thus, a set of experiments using two different masonry materials with varying grain size distribution and flow rate were conducted including stop/flow experiments. Results are compared to a numerical model which takes intraparticle pore diffusion-controlled release of Mo and V into the percolating water into account. Due to the relatively high intraparticle porosity of the materials (24–29%) data and model indicate that initially equilibrium-state conditions prevail followed by rapidly decreasing concentrations. The model fits data for Mo and V reasonably well; however, after the initial decline of concentrations (at L/S > 2) extended tailing is observed especially of elements occurring as oxides, which is not captured by the model.
In order to estimating the amount and kind of emissions from polymeric sporting tracks a laboratory test was developed in BAM that combines artificial weathering and subsequent batch and column tests [1, 2, 3]. The goal consisted in nvestigating a possible change of emissions into soil and groundwater of a new sporting ground as a function of ageing and egradation of the system. At various stages of the weathering, the samples were removed and subjected to especially designed column extraction tests for the solid samples. Both these extracts and the accumulated rainwater run-off of the weathering device were subjected to analytical tests of their ingredients. The overall aim of the test consisted in developing ontrollable, reproducible, and standardisable conditions and methods of investigation that would allow an estimation of the emissions in the course of outdoor application of about five years.
Background: An Annex XV restriction dossier for cadmium in artists’ paints was submitted by an EU member state to the European Chemicals Agency ECHA. By cleaning used brushes under the tap cadmium can enter the food chain via waste water treatment and subsequent agricultural application of the sewage sludge. It was estimated that 110 kg Cd per year is spread on agricultural land via this exposure route. Other sources of Cd amount to almost 120 tons per year.
Results: The mobility of Cd from pigments was studied in a field-like scenario by leaching experiments using soil samples amended with sewage sludge and spiked with Cd pigments in percolation columns. The redox conditions were confirmed to be the decisive factor for the release of Cd. The release of Cd from artists’ paints was in most cases 1% or lower in the experiments performed.
Conclusions: Application of sewage sludge containing Cd from artist paints does not increase the amount of Cd leached from this soils. Furthermore the quantity of Cd from artists’ paints calculated in the restriction dossier is negligible compared to other sources of Cd to agricultural soil. Therefore ECHA did not consider the proposed restriction to be the most appropriate EU wide measure to address the negligible level of risk.
The industrial sector of bottom ash (BA) treatment from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany is currently changing. In order to increase the recovery rates of metals or to achieve a higher quality of mineral aggregates derived from BA, new procedures have been either implemented to existing plants or completely new treatment plants have been built recently. Three treatment trains, which are designated as entire sequences of selected processing techniques of BA, are introduced and compared. One treatment train is mainly characterized by usage of a high speed rotation accelerator whereas another is operating completely without crushing. In the third treatment train the BA is processed wet directly after incineration. The consequences for recovered metal fractions and the constitution of remaining mineral aggregates are discussed in the context of legislative and economical frameworks. Today the recycling or disposal options of mineral residues still have a high influence on the configuration and the operation mode of the treatment trains of BA despite of the high value of recovered metals.
Cadmiumhaltige Pigmente werden in Künstlerfarben (z.B. Cadmiumgelb PY35) verwendet und können beim Reinigen gebrauchter Pinsel mit Wasser über das Abwasser in die Kläranlagen eingetragen werden, wo sie auf Grund ihrer geringen Wasserlöslichkeit im Klärschlamm verbleiben. Bei landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung des Klärschlamms, kann das Cadmium nach Aufnahme in Pflanzen in die menschliche Nahrungskette gelangen. Aufnahme von Cadmium erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit an Brustkrebs zu erkranken und führt durch eine Verringerung der Knochendichte zu einer erhöhten Anzahl an Knochenbrüchen. Daher wurde bei der europäischen Chemikalienbehörde ECHA ein Verbotsantrag nach Annex XV von einem Mitgliedsland gestellt.
Mengenmäßig ist der Betrag an Cadmium, der über diesen Expositionsweg auf Agrarflächen eingetragen werden klein: 120 kg im Vergleich zu 120 Tonnen aus anderen Quellen. Zur Abschätzung des Risikos ist allerdings nicht nur die Gesamtmenge entscheidend, sondern auch die Mobilität der Schadstoffe. Um diese zu untersuchen wurden mit Cadmiumpigmenten dotierte Klärschlämme mit Boden gemischt und das Auswaschverhalten mit Hilfe von Säulenperkolationstests untersucht. Das Cadmium liegt in den Pigmenten als Cadmiumsulfid vor, dessen Löslichkeit stark vom Redoxpotential abhängt und dem pH-Wert abhängt. Daher wurden die Versuche unter verschiedenen Redoxbedingungen und mit einem sauren Eluenten durchgeführt.
Eluate wurden über einen Zeitraum von 68 h gesammelt und der pH-Wert, die Leitfähigkeit, die Trübung, Konzentration an organischen Kohlenstoff (TOC) und Cd bestimmt. Das Redoxpotential sinkt nach Start der Elution schnell und hängt von dem Gehalt an Kohlenstoff im Boden ab: Je höher der Gehalt ist, um so langsamer sinkt das Redoxpotential. Einen eindeutigen Zusammenhang zwischen Cadmiumfreisetzung und Redoxpotential konnte aber nicht gefunden werden. Insgesamt wurden maximal 2 % des vorhandenen Cadmiums freigesetzt. Im Vergleich zu Versuchen mit nicht dotierten Böden, der selbst auch geringe Mengen an Cadmium enthielt, konnte keine erhöhte Freisetzung beobachtet werden. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass die Cadmiumpigmente im Boden nur in sehr geringen Maß verfügbar sind
Ausgewählte Ergebnisse des UBA-Vorhabens "Beregnete Bauteile und Bauprodukte: Entwicklungen für Vergabegrundlagen für den Blauen Engel mit Hilfe von Auslaugtest" werden für organische und anorganische Analyten präsentiert. Ein Schwerpunkt ist den Einfluss der verschiedenen Schichten von WDVS-Systemen aufzuzeigen.