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- 2015 (16) (entfernen)
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- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (16) (entfernen)
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- Laser beam welding (5)
- Hot cracking test (4)
- Solidification cracking (4)
- Duplex stainless steel (2)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support (2)
- High power laser beam welding (2)
- Hot cracking (2)
- Keyhole (2)
- Local reduced pressure (2)
- Mobile vacuum (2)
Laser welding is a widely established manufacturing process in many industry sectors. Solidification cracking represents one of the most inadequately solved problems in welding and has major economic implications. The avoidance of hot crack forms for most fusion welding processes poses a key challenge for an important range of metallic construction materials and affects not only the manufacturers of welding equipment and material manufacturers, but also a large number of customers using welding technologies, as well as welding technical standardization and research. Solidification cracking susceptibility was examined with the help of the Controlled Tensile Weldability Test (CTW) developed by Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin. The test is based on the fact that hot crack formation depends on a critical strain that emerges within a critical temperature range, the so called brittle temperature range (BTR). Using this test and defined investigation programme a centreline solidification crack was generated. By controlling the applied strain during the laser beam welding process, it was possible to determine the critical strain and strain rate that led to solidification cracking formation. The hot cracking susceptibility of the tested stainless steels was qualified and quantified. The results demonstrate that the crack length increases with increasing applied strain. Furthermore, the strain rate has a significant influence on the formation of the solidification crack.
Laser welding is a widely established manufacturing process in many industry sectors. Solidification cracking represents one of the most inadequately solved problems in welding and has major economic implications. The avoidance of hot crack is for most fusion welding processes a key challenge for an important range of metallic construction materials and affects not only the manufacturers of welding equipment and material manufacturers, but also a large number of customers using welding technologies, as well as welding standardization and research. In this study a new investigation programme has been developed to qualify the hot cracking susceptibility of a variety of austenitic stainless steels. The results show the possibility of using this technique to determinate the critical values that occur with initiation of solidification cracking during laser beam welding
The numerical simulations of high power laser keyhole welding at different welding positions are performed by using Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) method. The main material is SS400. The multi-physics phenomenon is considered using several models, such as the heat flux of Gaussian heat source, the recoil pressure with Clausisus-Clapeyron equation, the Marangoni flow considering temperature gradient, the buoyancy force with Boussinesq approximation, the additional shear stress and heat source due to metallic vapor ejected through keyhole entrance, the bubble formation assumed as adiabatic bubble, and the multiple-reflection by solving proper discriminant, are used. To analyze the fluid flow pattern, the concept of streamline formed by reconstructing the value of the velocity vector is applied.
Partial and full penetration cases at different welding positions are considered. The welding position seems to have only a minor influence on bead formation characteristics in both cases. This is probably due to the fact that the recoil pressure has a major influence when compared to other driving forces. The flow characteristics and fluid velocity in weld pool are analyzed to compare the gravity direction effect at different welding positions. It is observed that the clockwise flow pattern is mainly formed by the recoil pressure on the keyhole surface in the case of partial penetration. The laser energy can't maintain the whole weld pool when the weld pool size becomes too large. And then the solidification starts from the middle part of weld pool and a necked weld pool shape is formed. In the full penetration welding, the weld pool flow patterns are affected by the leakage of laser power through the full penetration keyhole and also by surface tension. Furthermore, the numerical simulation of full penetration welding with AISI316L is also performed to analyze the effect of material properties. The weld bead shapes obtained by simulations were compared with the corresponding experimental results to confirm the validity of the process models adopted and the CFD simulation tool.
Build-up strategies for generating components of cylindrical shape with laser metal deposition
(2015)
Laser Metal Deposition LMD) as additive manufacturing process offers the potential to produce near net shape components. This reduces the amount of material and post-processing. The components are composed of individual layers. Already mall irregularities within a layer can add up over multiple layers and lead to error propagation. This paper deals with the issue of build-up strategies to minimize irregularities and prevent error propagation. Different travel paths and the influence of a changing starting point regarding to error propagation are discussed. Different deposition rates between core and peripheral area are detected and successfully compensated by adjusting the build-up sequence. Stainless steel and titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V are used in the experiments. The results are intended to illustrate the potential of an adjusted build-up strategy and provide basic information on the way to an automated deposition process. This paper is of interest for engineers in industry or science using LMD as additive manufacturing process.
The industrial demand for flexible and innovative manufacturing technologies is continuously increasing. These technologies have to be sustainable and resource-efficient, and have to allow the production of long-life capital goods. Consequently, the additive processes gain in importance as they offer an enormous potential of application, especially for the turbomachinery industry.
In order to use additive manufacturing technologies in industrial applications, it is necessary to consider the complete process chain, including all necessary pre- and postprocessing. Although additive manufacturing is increasingly covered in scientific research, the linking between this technology and conventional industrial processes is rarely described.
Das Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen als additives Fertigungsverfahren ermöglicht einen endformnahen Aufbau von Bauteilen. Ein Zielkonflikt besteht zwischen der Forderung nach hoher Aufbaurate und hoher Endformnähe, welcher von der Schweißraupengröße wesentlich beeinflusst wird. In dieser Veröffentlichung wird das Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen eingesetzt, um komplexe Formen additiv aufzubauen. Am Beispiel eines Tannenbaumprofiles werden unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren dargestellt. Dazu gehören die Raupengeometrie, die Überlappung einzelner Raupen, die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Aufbaustrategien und die Teilung des Gesamtkörpers in Teilkörper. Der Zielkonflikt wird durch die Herstellung von Probekörpern mit unterschiedlichen Steigungswinkeln an den Seitenflächen verdeutlicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine verbesserte Endformnähe in Bereichen flacher Steigung beim Einsatz kleiner Schweißraupen. Im Vergleich dazu erlauben die Schweißparameter der großen Raupen eine 5-fach höhere Aufbaurate. Bei einer Raupenüberlappung kleiner und großer Raupengeometrien innerhalb einer Lage treten Anbindungsfehler auf. Strategien zur Behebung dieses Fehlers durch Anpassung der Schweißreihenfolge werden in dieser Veröffentlichung aufgezeigt. Diese Erfahrungen werden genutzt, um einen Gesamtkörper aus Teilkörpern unterschiedlicher Raupengeometrien zu fertigen.
Der Fokus des vorliegenden Beitrages liegt in der Anwendung der numerischen Schweißsimulation zur Berechnung des schweißbedingten Verzugs an industriellen Bauteilen. Anhand einiger Applikationsbeispiele werden die Möglichkeiten und Einschränkungen am Markt verfügbarer Softwareprodukte aufgezeigt. Hierbei liegt die Gewichtung in einer qualitativ korrekten Abbildung der zu analysierenden Phänomene. Diese stellt die Basis für nachfolgende Parameterstudien dar, welche signifikante Einflussgrößen auf die Verzugsausbildung detektieren. Der Vorteil derartiger simulationsgestützter Analysemethoden gegenüber rein experimentellen Ansätzen wird diskutiert. Aufgrund der heutigen Verfügbarkeit spezialisierter anwenderfreundlicher Schweißsimulationssoftware und günstiger Rechenressourcen macht die Industrie in den letzten Jahren immer mehr von den zahlreichen Vorteilen einer virtuellen Prozessauslegung mit Hilfe der Schweißsimulation Gebrauch. Komplexe Praxisanwendungen können heutzutage innerhalb von 1-2 Wochen unter Berücksichtigung aller Arbeitsschritte bearbeitet werden. Die Anforderungen an den Anwender seitens der Numerik und Materialmodellierung hat sich drastisch verringert, wohingegen ein gewisses Maß an Wissen und Erfahrung vom simulierten Prozess weiterhin entscheidend für den Erfolg der Simulation ist. Am Beispiel des Einspritzventils konnte das Potential einer virtuellen Prozessauslegung anschaulich aufgezeigt werden.
Der Beitrag stellt am Beispiel eines für adaptive MSG-Lichtbogen-Engspaltschweißungen im Dickblech-Bereich entwickelten Versuchsstandes ein Automatisierungskonzept für vernetzte kommerziell verfügbare Anlagenkomponenten über ein zentrales echtzeitfähiges Steuersystem auf Basis des EtherCAT-Protokolls vor. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf der Eignung für Aufgaben im Bereich der Qualitätssicherung sowie Forschung und Entwicklung leistungsfähiger Algorithmen zur Prozessüberwachung und -regelung. Die sich daraus ergebende Vielzahl zu messender und steuernder Parameter stellen vor allem in Verbindung mit präzisen und hochfrequenten Messgeräten höchste Anforderungen an die Datenverarbeitung sowohl in Echtzeit als auch zur Auswertung nach dem Prozess. Die Einbindung etablierter Programmiertools wie MATLAB/Simulink in gängigen Automatisierungsstandards ermöglichen flexible und innovative Forschungsarbeit.
Durch die automatisierte Datenerfassung in einer übergelagerten Datenbank stehen die Messungen sämtlicher Schweißvorgänge jederzeit zur Entwicklung neuer Abläufe zur Prozessteuerung und -regelung oder zur Verbesserung der bestehenden Algorithmen zur Verfügung, was insbesondere den sukzessiven Aufbau komplexer Regressionsmodelle aus der Anwendung heraus ermöglicht.
Als Applikationsbeispiel wird die Entwicklung eines dynamischen Lichtbogensensors vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die Versuchsdurchführung mit dem Ziel der Ableitung nichtlinearer Regressionsmodelle erfolgt automatisiert mithilfe eines optischen Sensors. Der Vorteil dieses Verfahrens liegt dabei neben der schnellen Umsetzbarkeit in der direkten Korrelation der Messwerte zu realen physikalischen Systemgrößen und der schnellen Adaption auf unterschiedliche Schweißparameter und -prozesse.
The safety of components or constructions is of great importance in the manufacturing and processing of metallic materials. Solidification cracking as well as the weldability of materials remain still for many years a highly contentious issues, particularly with regard to the causes of the hot crack formation. Many of studies have been conducted to determine the critical condition of occurrence of the solidification cracking. In this study different digital image correlation measuring techniques in conjunction with laser diodes as the illuminating source have been employed to measure the arising strain field during the laser welding process at the surface of the workpiece directed to the laser beam in the close vicinity of the weld pool. The Controlled Tensile Weldability test (CTW) was used to apply an external tensile load during the laser beam welding in order to generate the solidification cracks. The results showed that by means of those techniques it is possible to measure the strain field without any disturbances from the intense welding light or the smoke. Additionally, the strain and the strain rate as a critical factor determining solidification crack formation can be measured and analyzed.
The development of the vapour plume during the laser beam welding of metals with propagation directions along the laser beam axis leads to a reduction of the absorbed laser power in the keyhole. These unfavourable effects can be significantly mitigated by the application of a reduced ambient pressure thus decreasing the interaction between the laser beam and evaporation products, which leads to more stable welding process and results in increased penetration depth. A conventional technique use a vacuum chamber principle, similar to that, used for electron beam welding. Application of this technique is restricted by the camera size and reduces thus the advantages of this approach especially for large components. We demonstrate a possibility of mobile local vacuum application, which allows to generate a reduced pressure only in small region around the keyhole. By using of specially designed mobile pressure lock which can be moved along the welding direction absolute pressure of around 200 mbar could be obtained. This is sufficient to increase the welding depth by around 50%. Coupons from S355 were welded with an incremental laser power from 5 kW to 12 kW at atmospheric pressure and compared to those welded at ambient pressure of 200 mbar. The evaluation of the longitudinal section revealed an increase of the welding depth by about 35%. Furthermore, the welding trials in butt joint configuration on 15 mm thick plates at various laser beam power performed for atmospheric and reduced ambient pressure of around 200 mbar. The increase in welding depth up to 40% was established for reduced pressure. Particularly, low welding speeds under reduced pressure were especially advantageous in terms of increasing the welding depth.