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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Selbstverdichtender Beton verhält sich unter Temperatureinfluss anders als Normalbeton, da die Rheologie neben der fortschreitenden Hydratation zusätzlich durch die von der Zeit und dem Hydratationsfortschritt abhängige Adsorption von Fließmitteln beeinflusst wird. Anhand rheometrischer Betonversuche an SVB unterschiedlicher Entwurfskonzepte mit variierter anionischer Ladungsdichte im Fließmittel wird verdeutlicht, dass mehlkornreiche SVB bei niedrigen Temperaturen sehr robust sind, während bei hohen Temperaturen mehlkornärmere Entwürfe zu bevorzugen sind. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, wie sich unterschiedliche Fließmittelmodifikationen in bestimmten Temperaturbereichen verhalten. Anhand des Wasser-Feststoff-Verhältnisses und des Adsorptionsverhaltens von Fließmitteln werden die maßgeblichen Prozesse erläutert und Möglichkeiten für die Entwicklung robuster Mischungen für individuelle Temperaturbereiche aufgeführt.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regarding the temperature dependent performance, self-compacting concrete (SCC) distinguishes from normal concrete, since its rheology does not only depend upon the hydration itself but supplementary upon the adsorption of superplasticizers, which is affected by the time and the hydration progress. Based on rheometric concrete investigations with different SCC mixture compositions and varied anionic charge densities of the superplasticizers, it is shown that SCC, which is rich in powder components, shows robust performance at low temperatures, while compositions with lower powder contents are favourable at high temperatures. Furthermore, the performance of different superplasticizer modifications at different temperature ranges is demonstrated. The relevant processes are explained by means of the water to powder ratio as well as the adsorption behaviour of superplasticizers, and options for the development of robust mixture compositions for individual temperature ranges are itemised.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) differs substantially from normal concrete as regards the quantity of superplasticiser dosage. The functionality of superplasticisers, based on the polycarboxylate ether (PCE) superplasticiser customary with SCC, is nowadays very well understood at construction material research level. However, knowledge concerning pertinent correlations does not always permeate practice to an equal extent. PCEs are extremely polymorphic as opposed to earlier superplasticiser groups, which still possess a considerable proportion of the superplasticiser market. The geometry of polymers can be adjusted individually to performance characteristics required for certain uses. Yet, in selecting a superplasticiser for its specified rheological properties, a very strong influence can equally be exerted simultaneously on the subsequent hydration process. The charge density of the PCE employed also plays a key role in connection with both rheology and early hydration.
Polysaccharides are incorporated into cement based Systems in order to modify the rheological properties. Typically, cellulose ethers, sphingan gums, guar gum or starch ethers are applied. Depending upon their chemistry, molecular architecture, and adsorption tendency, polysaccharides interact differently with the entire cementitious system. Some stabilising agents like diutan gum mainly affect the cementitious paste; other stabilising agents like starch tend to interact with the sand fraction and even with the coarse aggregates. Cellulose and guar gum shows more diverse performances.
Typically stabilising admixtures like polysaccharides are used, when sophisticated rheological properties are adjusted. Therefore, polysaccharides are often used in combination with superplasticisers, which are added to reduce the yield stress of concrete. This can cause interactions, particularly when the stabilising Agent shows a strong tendency to adsorb on particle surfaces. Adsorptive stabilising agents may reduce the amount of adsorbed superplasticisers, thus affecting both viscosity and yield stress, while non-adsorptive stabilising agents mainly affect the plastic viscosity independently of the superplasticiser. Due to the strong influence of superplasticisers on the yield stress, influences of the stabilising agent on the yield stress retreat into the background, so that their major effect is an increase of the plastic viscosity.
The paper provides a comprehensive overview of how different polysaccharide superplasticisers affect cementitious flowable systems and points out the challenges of the combined use of polysaccharides and superplasticisers. Based on rheometric experiments and observations of the hydration process, time dependent effects on the workability as well as of the hydration of cement are presented and discussed.
Time-resolved in situ investigation of Portland cement hydration influenced by chemical admixtures
(2016)
Numerous admixtures are used in the building practice to customize the properties of the cement paste during application. The influences of admixtures on the course of cement hydration and formation of hydrate phases have to be considered. Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) based polymeric superplasticizers (SPs) are known to retard the setting of the cement paste. The extent of the retardation differs depending on the molecular structure of the SP. Additionally, the presence of a stabilizing agent (SA) in the cement paste has a retarding side effect on the setting. The initial cement hydration processes and the detailed mechanisms of the retardation influenced by PCEs, as well as their interactions with particular SAs, are insufficiently understood. Up to now, only the results of phenomenological studies were taken into account to describe this retardation process. A detailed structure analysis monitoring the change of the phase composition during the hydration was never applied. Both SP and SA affect the adsorption of the sulphate ions on the clinker particles, causing changes in the formation of ettringite during the initial hydration, and are therefore a crucial part of the setting process itself. Here, the initial hydration of cement influenced by the interaction of SP and SA was monitored in situ by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The high time resolution of the measurements allowed a continuous detection of the hydrates formed. The hydration was followed from the starting point of water addition and for couple of hours afterwards. The hydration of the levitated cement pellets containing starch as SA was initialized by adding aqueous solutions of different commercial SPs. Changes in the ettringite formation were detected in comparison to the reference hydration of pure cement.
Industrial byproducts and natural pozzolanas are increasingly being used as supplementary cementitious materials. In the group of natural pozzolanas volcanic ashes are the most prominent. Despite the fact that volcanic pozzolanas were used since Roman times, not much is known about their role in influencing the long term durability of concrete. The paper presents results of the volcanic pozzolana ‘Rhenish trass’, which is quarried in western Germany and its role during an alkali silica reaction (ASR). Field data and laboratory experiments indicate that trass releases alkalis into the pore solution but also changes cement paste chemistry and alkali binding behavior. There seems to be a sensitive balance between alkali release and increase of alkali binding capacity, both mechanisms crucial for the course of an ASR in concrete.