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Untersuchung des Einflusses der Gefügedichte von Betonen auf die AKR mit neuartiger Prüftechnik
(2011)
Trotz der zahlreichen Möglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung der Mörteleigenschaften durch Mischungsmodifikationen ist es nahezu unmöglich, einzelne Eigenschaften unabhängig von anderen zu verändern. Bei einer Mischungsoptimierung muss im Einzelfall immer entschieden werden, welcher der gewünschten Eigenschaften die höchste Priorität zukommt. Anhand von Parameterstudien wird im vorliegenden Artikel verdeutlicht, wie es für bestimmte Anwendungen sinnvoll sein kann, die Verschlechterung einzelner Eigenschaften zu akzeptieren, wenn dadurch eine für den speziellen Einsatzfall essenzielle Eigenschaft verbessert werden kann. Die komplexen Wechselwirkungen der einzelnen Bestandteile fuhren dazu, dass auch scheinbar widersprüchliche Kombinationen von Zusatzmitteln im Einzelfall erforderlich werden können. Zur Anpassung der meisten Mörteleigenschaften gibt es verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Zielerreichung mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Nebeneffekten. Frisch- und Festmörteleigenschaften sind dabei gleichermaßen zu beachten.
It has been shown in fire tests that polypropylene fibres reduce or avoid explosive spalling of high performance concrete. In the critical temperature ränge up to 300 °C the permeability of HPC increases by using polypropylene fibre. Due to this the water vapour, which is the main reason for explosive spalling, can escape. There exist different theories in the literature conceming the micro structural mechanisms, which cause an increase in the permeability. Within the framework of an internal research project at BAM an innovative methodology was developed for experimental verifying of existing theories and to get new insights into this problem The methodology used is unique and has been undertaken here for the first time. This consists of the combination of acoustic emission and ultrasonic measurement during temperature loading and the non-destructive micro structural analysis of cooled down samples with the aid of micro X-ray computed tomography. For the validation of the nondestructive test methods scanning electron microscopic images of prepared samples were undertaken. The results show that due to the thermal decomposition of the polypropylene fibres micro canals emerge. These are connected due to a simultaneous micro cack formation.
Whenever the preservation of original substance obtains priority in a restoration task, reprofiling techniques using repair mortars are a welcome solution. For ordinary concrete repair aesthetic aspects are of minor importance whereas for the restoration of natural stone elements they come to the fore. Especially for listed buildings and monuments, historico-cultural and aesthetical interests become the ruling Parameters for planning and execution of restoration tasks. Nevertheless the technical and constructive requirements have to be considered and deterioration processes have to be understood to ensure sustainability and durability of the repair task. Due o differences in the Chemical and mineralogical composition, natural stone provides a vast variety of texture and colour. Also the range of different mechanical and durability related properties is far wider than found with concrete for example. A research project dealing with the development of a modular repair mortar System for natural stone is currently set up at the BAM. To provide the conservator with the best possible options to match colour, texture and technical requirements, the System will be setup on a modular basis. Several different binder Systems on basis of cement, lime and sodium Silicate as well as polymer based Systems are planned, which can be combined with different aggregate compositions and different pigments. To evaluate the mortar performance, test procedures will be defined for tests on mortar samples and on composite specimens. In the paper the experimental Programme will be explained and first results will be presented and discussed.
Wärmebehandlung und Autoklavierung von UHPC - Neue Perspektiven für die Betonfertigteilindustrie
(2011)
Das Gefüge von UHPC ist durch eine dicht gepackte und fehlstellenarme Matrix gekennzeichnet. Eine zusätzliche Optimierung ist durch eine Wärmebehandlung bzw. hydrothermale Nachbehandlung (Autoklavierung) unter einem Wasserdampfsättigungsdruck möglich. Die Wärmebehandlung von Beton ist ein in der Betonfertigteilindustrie geläufiges Verfahren, um die Erstarrungszeit zu verkürzen und höhere Frühfestigkeiten zu erreichen.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of polypropylene (PP) fibres on the thermal strain of high strength concrete (HSC) at temperatures up to 750°C. Concerning this topic only few results can be found in the literature and systematic investigations are missing. However, basic knowledge is necessary to understand the internal damage processes as well as for structural design.
To explain the differences in the thermal strain of HSC with and without addition of PP fibres the internal damage processes were investigated with acoustic emission (AE) analysis and ultrasound (US). Furthermore the weight loss was measured continuously during heating to monitor the drying of the specimen. This novel approach by combining these different methods with strain measurements at high temperatures allows the integral description of the internal damage processes. The results reveal significant differences in the thermal strain of HSC when PP fibres are added. Between 200°C and 250°C the thermal strain of HSC with PP fibres is superimposed by shrinkage caused by accelerated drying. Above 250°C it is lower than that of plain HSC without PP fibres. It is supposed that it is caused by a more homogeneous distribution of micro cracks whereby the fibre beds acting as defects in the concrete.
Hence this paper gives a contribution to the general understanding of the impact of PP fibres in HSC at high temperatures and points out the influence of the fibres on the thermal strain of HSC.
Sustainable evaluation - concept to assess the applicability of secondary aggregates in concrete
(2011)
Nowadays there are several applications of mineral recycling materials and residues. At present an assessment method for the use of secondary raw materials, which considers sustainability aspects, does not exist. In the framework of the German DAfStb/BMBF research project “Sustainable Building with Concrete” an assessment concept was developed. It includes the following four assessment steps: I. Basic considerations, II. Advantages for sustainable construction, III. Alternative paths for application, and IV. Sensitivity analysis. The concept was developed on the basis of recycled concrete aggregates, which are already used according to German standards.
Afterwards, it was applied and verified by the evaluation of the utilisation of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ashes (referred to MSWI bottom ashes).
Although being a very promising area of concrete technology, computational modeling of fresh concrete flow is a comprehensive and time consuming task. The complexity and required computation time are additionally increased when simulating casting of heavily reinforced sections, where each single reinforcement bar has to be modeled. In order to improve the computation speed and to get closer to a practical tool for simulation of casting processes, an innovative approach to model reinforced sections is proposed here. The basic idea of this approach is to treat the reinforcement zone as a porous medium in which a concrete is propagating. In the present paper, the numerical implementation of this concept is described. A methodology allowing for the computation of the equivalent permeability of the steel bars network is suggested. Finally, this numerical technique efficiency is evaluated by a comparison with experimental results of model fluids casting in model formworks.
Nanotechnologie im Bauwesen
(2007)
Mikrorissbildung in Hochleistungsbeton - Vom Modell zu den Auswirkungen auf Betoneigenschaften
(2007)
Nanotechnologie im Bauwesen
(2008)
Zu den Zielen der Nanotechnologie gehört die Entwicklung, Produktion und Anwendung von Materialien und Werkstoffen mit völlig neuartigen Leistungsspektren. Für die Baupraxis und die Materialforschung lassen sich über den Einsatz der Nanotechnologie Ziele wie die Optimierung von Baustoffeigenschaften, Vermeidung von Schäden und neue Funktionalitäten definieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über mögliche Anwendungsbereiche der Nanotechnologie im Bausektor, wie z. B. zementgebundene Baustoffe, Außen- und Dachfassaden, Fenster und Verglasungen, Brandschutz, Inneneinrichtung und Infrastrukturbau. Zudem werden aktuelle Forschungsarbeiten mit nanowissenschaftlichem und nanotechnologischem Schwerpunkt im Bereich baustoffbezogener Materialien der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Berlin vorgestellt. Die Forschungstätigkeiten beziehen sich zum einen auf die Modifikation der Hydratphasen in Ultra-Hochleistungsbeton (UHPC) und zum anderen auf die Weiterentwicklung von Anti-Graffiti-Systemen.
Einsatz innovativer Verfahren der Bauwerksdiagnose für die Bestandserfassung - ausgewählte Beispiele
(2007)
This chapter provides an overview of methods that are commonly used for the analysis of the original water content of fresh and hardened concrete. The methods consist of direct methods, which detect the water content or the water/cement ratio primarily, as well as indirect methods, which measure other material characteristics related to the water content.
Computational modeling of fresh SCC flow is a comprehensive and time consuming task. The computational time is additionally increased when simulating casting of reinforced sections, where each single reinforcement bar has to be modeled. In order to deal with this issue and to decrease the computational time, an innovative approach of treating a reinforcement network as a porous medium is applied. This contribution presents the model for concrete flow through reinforced sections, based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), coupling a single-phase flow model for SCC and a continuum macroscopic model for porous medium. In the last part of this paper, numerical simulations are compared with experimental results obtained on model fluids.
Trotz der zahlreichen Möglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung der Mörteleigenschaften durch Mischungsmodifikationen ist es nahezu unmöglich, einzelne Eigenschaften unabhängig von anderen zu verändern. Bei einer Mischungsoptimierung muss im Einzelfall immer entschieden werden, welcher der gewünschten Eigenschaften die höchste Priorität zukommt.
Anhand von Parameterstudien wird im vorliegenden Artikel verdeutlicht, wie es für bestimmte Anwendungen sinnvoll sein kann, die Verschlechterung einzelner Eigenschaften zu akzeptieren, wenn dadurch eine für den speziellen Einsatzfall essenzielle Eigenschaft verbessert werden kann. Die komplexen Wechselwirkungen der einzelnen Bestandteile fuhren dazu, dass auch scheinbar widersprüchliche Kombinationen von Zusatzmitteln im Einzelfall erforderlich werden können. Zur Anpassung der meisten Mörteleigenschaften gibt es verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Zielerreichung mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Nebeneffekten. Frisch- und Festmörteleigenschaften sind dabei gleichermaßen zu beachten.
Although concrete in general is a non-combustible material, the fire resistance of concrete structures depends, to a large extent, on the mechanical material behaviour. Fire tests have shown that SCC is often susceptible to explosive spalling due to fire exposure, in a similar manner to HPC. But there are hardly any studies available that report properties of specimens at high temperatures.
Vom Baustoff zum sicheren Bauwerk: Einsatz der Schallemissionsanalyse in der Bauabteilung der BAM
(2013)
Seit 2006 wird die Schallemissionsanalyse (SEA) in der Abteilung 7 Bauwerkssicherheit der BAM genutzt, um Gefügeveränderungen in Betonen zu untersuchen. Dabei haben sich bis heute im Wesentlichen folgende vier Forschungsbereiche herauskristallisiert:
Hydratation
Während der Hydratation von Beton ist eine ausgeprägte Schallemissionsaktivität zu beobachten, anhand derer der Hydratationsverlauf nachvollzogen werden kann. Zur Aufklärung der Quellmechanismen der Schallemissionen besteht noch weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Des Weiteren kann mit Hilfe der SEA die frühe Rissbildung in Betonen, hervorgerufen durch autogenes oder plastisches Schwinden, analysiert werden.
Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR)
Bei der AKR handelt es sich um eine Reaktion alkaliempfindlicher Gesteinskörnungen mit den Alkalien des Betons bzw. mit extern, z.B. durch Tausalze, zugeführten Alkalien. Dabei werden um die oder in der Gesteinskörnung quellfähige Gele gebildet, die zu einer völligen Zerstörung des Gefüges führen können. Mit der SEA können die Rissbildung detektiert und somit die Schädigungsphasen im Verlauf der AKR identifiziert werden.
Brandverhalten
Unter Brandeinwirkung platzt die Oberfläche gefügedichter Hochleistungsbetone explosionsartig ab. Um dies zu verhindern und somit den Feuerwiderstand von Bau-teilen aus Hochleistungsbeton zu erhöhen, werden dem Beton Polypropylenfasern beigemischt. Das Schmelzen der Fasern bei einer Temperaturerhöhung trägt zu einer erhöhten Mikrorissbildung bei, die einen Spannungsabbau ermöglicht. Die SEA konnte erfolgreich eingesetzt werden, um diesen Wirkmechanismus der Fasern nachzuweisen und weiter aufzuklären.
Ermüdungsverhalten
Durch die hohen zyklischen Lasten, für die Türme und Fundamente von Windkraft-anlagen ausgelegt werden müssen, gewinnen gesicherte Kenntnisse über das Ermüdungsverhalten von Betonen an Bedeutung. Mit der SEA ist es bei hochzyklischen Belastungsversuchen an Betonen möglich, den Schädigungsgrad im Verlauf der Beanspruchung zu bestimmen. Die Schallemissionsaktivität eignet sich als Kriterium, um die Versuche bei vorab definierten Schädigungsgraden zu unterbrechen und so Proben für weitergehende Untersuchungen zu gewinnen. Diese Ergebnisse sollen perspektivisch für Überwachungssysteme für Betonbauwerke unter zyklischer Beanspruchung genutzt werden.
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical reaction within concrete which can lead over time to cracking and spalling. Due to the complexity of the problem, it still causes damage to concrete constructions worldwide.
The publication aims to illustrate the interdisciplinary research of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) within the last 20 years, considering all aspects of ASR topics from the macro to the micro level. First, methods for characterization and assessment of ASR risks and reaction products used at BAM are explained and classified in the international context. Subsequently the added value of the research approach by combining different, preferably nondestructive, methods across all scales is explained using specific examples from a variety of research projects. Aspects covered range from the development of new test-setups to assess aggregate reactivity, to analysis of microstructure and reaction products using microscopical, spectroscopical and X-ray methods, to the development of a testing methodology for existing concrete pavements including in-depth analysis of the visual damage indicator and the de-icing salt input using innovative testing techniques. Finally, research regarding a novel avoidance strategy that makes use of internal hydrophobization of the concrete mix is presented.
ln most of the ASR-test procedures, the expansion of concrete or mortar specimens is used as an indicator to assess the ASR-potential of an aggregate or a specific concrete mix. For these tests, the specimens are stored in an ASR-provoking environment, where the reaction is accelerated by elevated temperature and humidity. To measure the length change, the storage must be interrupted for at least a few minutes. Düring the 60 °C Concrete Prism Test (60 °C-CPT), the specimens are cooled down to 20 °C for 24 hours, to ensure the same hygrothermal conditions for every measurement. This limits the number of measurements during the test period and may lead to additional effects, that probably influence the expansion development.
With a recently developed device, it is possible to continuously monitor the expansion ofprisms without interrupting the ASR-provoking storage. Due to the dense database of this automated test, the results can contribute to a better understanding of the ASR-process. This study compares results of the automated and conventional 60 °C-CPT. Tests of different aggregates showed, that the results of the automated and conventional test are consistent, but the expansions during the conventional test are generally higher. Preliminary results led to the conclusion, that the cooling for the measurements leads to additional expansions. Therefore, a modified threshold should be discussed for the automated 60 °C-CPT.
Baustoffe im Betonbau
(2019)
In dem Kap. „Baustoffe im Betonbau“ werden zunächst die Baustoffe vorgestellt, die für die Herstellung von Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonbauwerken erforderlich sind (im Wesentlichen Beton, Betonstahl und Spannstahl). Herstellungsbedingte, typische Eigenschaftsprofile der Baustoffe werden aufgezeigt und ein Bezug zu entsprechenden Anwendungsgebieten hergestellt.
If the amount of sulfate within the mix design for concrete is not balanced, ettringite formation which first controls solidification continues while the concrete is hardening. Ettringite forms by reaction of sulfate contained in the cement or in some admixture with calcium aluminate (C3A) as cement component. The “late primary ettringite formation” promotes an increase in volume within the hardened concrete leading to cracks. To analyze the effect of substituting part of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by a treated brown coal fly ash mortar bars were tested according to ASTM C452. This test method was originally developed to extrapolate from the internal to external sulfate attack and is based on the idea that by testing a concrete mixture containing sulfate the process of deterioration is accelerated because it does not have to diffuse into the concrete before reaction first. In addition to the samples prescribed in ASTM C452 further samples in the size of the German SVA procedure were tested also designed for accessing the external sulfate resistance. The results show that while the replacement of 25 % of cement by brown coal fly ash leads to length changes around the limit defined by ASTM, the substitution of 50 % cement exceeded the limit by a multiple. The progress of expansion is the very similar for the two geometries tested. In-situ XRD measurements confirmed that while for pastes made of OPC the formation of ettringite is completed after 20 hours, this is not true for the mixtures containing the brown coal fly ash.
In a different study the effect of hydrothermal treatment on the phase composition of ultra-high-performance concrete was analyzed. The results show that the sulfate and aluminate resulting from the decomposition of ettringite are bound into new phases.
If this binding is permanent this might allow the larger use of sulfate bearing raw materials.
Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are by-products of the steelmaking process. Several researchers have studied the production of Portland cement clinker and metallic iron from BOFS via a reductive treatment.
In this study, we applied a carbothermal reduction of BOFS in a technical-scale electric arc furnace and characterised the clinker-like products. Those clinker-like non-metallic products (NMPs) had a chemical and mineralogical composition comparable to clinker for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and contained large elongated alite crystals as major component. The pure NMPs reacted more slowly and achieved a lower degree of hydration compared with commercial OPC.
If the reactivity of the products can be further increased by employing specific adaptations, it can be used as a full clinker substitute for OPC. Nevertheless, it is also an option to use the material without further modifications as a cement component or concrete addition, which contributes to the strength development in both cases.
Um den Abbau primärer Rohstoffe zu reduzieren, wurden deponierte oder niederwertig eingesetzte industrielle Reststoffe hinsichtlich einer höherwertigen Verwendung im Betonbau untersucht. Zur Bewertung des Einsatzpotentials als Zementbestandteil oder Betonzusatzstoff erfolgte zunächst eine chemisch-mineralogische und betontechnologische Charakterisierung der Materialien. Reststoffe, die die normativen Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Zementzusammensetzung erfüllen, wurden anschließend zu verschiedenen Anteilen als Zementsubstitut in Mörtel eingesetzt. In vergleichenden Untersuchungen erfolgte die Ermittlung der Frisch- und Festmörteleigenschaften.
Kalorimetrische Untersuchungen sollten die Auswirkungen der Reststoffe auf die Zementhydratation zeigen. Ausgewählte Untersuchungsergebnisse an Reststoffen aus der Industrieabwasseraufbereitung, dem Altpapierrecycling, der Biomasseverbrennung und der Metallurgie werden vorgestellt.
In recent years the German motorway network has seen an increase in the occurrence of damage to concrete road surfaces which can be attributed to the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). In view of the often drastically reduced life expectancy of road surfaces due to ASR, research activity in this field has notably increased. Alongside preventative measures in concrete technology, the main research focus up to now has been the development of performance-oriented testing procedures for ASR prevention. This included more specifically the accelerated simulation of climatic effects and external alkali penetration on road surfaces. The effects of mechanical pre-damage resulting from cyclic traffic loading and climatic impact had previously not been taken into consideration. Since 2011, the five-partner research group 1498 sponsored by the German Research Foundation (DFG) has been pursuing research on how simultaneous cyclic loading and external alkali penetration impacts destructive ASR in road surface concretes. The depiction of the myriad degradation and transport processes necessary for an understanding of these effects requires close interaction between experiments and their multi-scale modelling. This paper aims to focus on the aforementioned experiments by means of innovative testing techniques. The research is founded on a series of cyclic fatigue tests performed on large-format beams, both with and without previous application of a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, with simultaneous tracking of crack development. Subsequently, smaller test specimens were extracted from the pre-damaged beams for further experiments. These included the spatial visualization and quantification of fatigue-induced cracks using micro X-ray 3D-computed tomography (3D-CT). Additionally, the effects of fatigue-induced cracks on alkali transport were investigated using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Subsequent storage of the small-format test specimens, with and without cyclic pre-damage, in an ASR-conducive environment then provided initial findings on the influence of fatigue-induced predamage on the ASR.
The susceptibility of different aggregate types used in concrete to ASR is strongly associated with their petrography. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of the aggregate size on the ASR potential, in particular applied to the sand fractions in the size range of 0.125-4 mm. The investigation concept is based on the hypothesis that at a specific particle size reactive aggregates could change their characteristic influence in mitigating ASR instead of promoting it. For the study of the size dependent behaviour mortars are prepared, considering aggregates of different reactivity, including very reactive, slow-late and quasi non-reactive types. The analysis is based on a stepwise substitution concept, in which mortars with a constant overall grain size distribution are compared, while only one size fraction of the non-reactive base aggregate is substituted by a reactive aggregate type of this specific size fraction. For the expansion experiments an accelerated mortar bar test (80°C, immersed in NaOH solution) was applied. The results show that the slow-late reactive greywacke yielded a strong reduction of the expansion below an aggregate size in the range of 0.5-1 mm. On the other side with the very reactive borosilicate glass, the expansions increased steadily with decreasing size. To validate if the acquired expansions were caused by ASR, thin sections were analysed. Mainly, higher expansion values were consistent with extensively more amounts of ASR indicators.
Thermal treatment improves the excellent properties of UHPC. Recent studies have shown that an increase in compressive strength of more than 30 % is possible. However, the accurate conditions of thermal treatment for a maximal strength are considered as yet undetermined. A multitude of parameters can be varied: temperature, pressure, water saturation, and duration of the process steps. These parameters influence the phase development and in consequence the macroscopic properties of UHPC. The primary objective of the presented study was the optimisation of the conditions for thermal treatment, concerning compressive strength. It focuses on pre-storage time and duration of the treatment at defined temperatures and pressures (90 °C and 185 °C/1.1MPa).
As expected, experimental results showed a fundamental change of phase composition in hydrothermally treated UHPC in comparison to standard cured UHPC: Ettringite decomposes at higher temperatures and is absent after thermal treatment; the amount of portlandite and clinker phases decreases. The change of phase composition is accompanied by increased compressive strength.
Experimental studies of calcium-silicate-systems at hydrothermal conditions predict the formation of the crystalline C-S-H phase tobermorite. In fact, this is a typical phase occurring in other hydrothermally treated calcium-silicate-systems like Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC). Commonly, high strength is attributed to the presence of tobermorite; however, in the presented study tobermorite was not detected in the hydrothermally treated UHPC. Therefore, tobermorite cannot be responsible for the increased strength of hydrothermally treated UHPC.
In conclusion the development of phases and strength of UHPC at hydrothermal conditions differs fundamentally from AAC and the experimental studies with water saturation. Results of these systems cannot be transferred to UHPC. In thermally treated UHPC, the hydration of clinker is enhanced and the puzzolanic reaction is intensified. Hence, more C-S-H is formed that fills pores and cracks, leading to a denser structure and finally to higher strength.
Though, concrete in general is a non-combustible building material, modern High Performance Concrete (HPC) is very susceptible to violent explosive spalling during a fire attack. This requires protective measures for fire safety design of concrete structures. The current most worthwhile method to prevent explosive spalling is the addition of monofilament Polypropylene fibres (PP-fibres). However, since it has become common knowledge that PP-fibres are suitable for fire safety design, a variety of theories concerning the mode of action of PP-fibres have been suggested. The present article summarizes the most important hypothesis and presents an innovative method for the analysis of micro structural processes in heated specimens. The results show that due to the thermal decomposition of PP-fibres capillary channels are created. Simultaneously, a netlike micro crack formation occurs, which connects these capillary channels. This enables the relief of internal stresses (mechanical effect) and the formation of a permeable transport system for the escaping water vapour (permeation effect).
High resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SyXRD) was applied for a microstructural profile analysis of concrete deterioration after sulfate attack. The cement matrices consist of ordinary Portland cement and different amounts of supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly ash, natural pozzolana and granulated blast furnace slag. The changes of the phase composition were determined along the direction of sulfate ingress. This approach allows the identification of reaction fronts and zones of different phase compositions and conclusions about the mechanisms of sulfate attack. Two reaction fronts were localized in the initial 4 mm from the sample surface. The mechanism of deterioration caused by the exposition in the sulfate-bearing soil is discussed. SyXRD is shown to be a reliable method for investigation of cementitious materials with aggregates embedded in natural environments.
In diesem Beitrag werden Untersuchungsergebnisse vorgestellt, die den Einfluss von Mikrosilica auf die Selbstaustrocknung und das damit verbundene autogene Schwinden der Bindemittelmatrix von Hochleistungsbetonen beschreiben. Die dadurch hervorgerufenen Schädigungsprozesse wurden mit Hilfe von zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden verfolgt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass eine durch äußeren Zwang bedingte Mikrorissbildung durch Schallemissionsanalyse detektiert werden kann.
Unsere Industriegesellschaft ist auf den ständigen Abbau und Verbrauch von Rohstoffen und Energie angewiesen. Der Bausektor zählt dabei zu den größten Verursachern von Stoffströmen in Deutschland. Zum einen ist das Bauen mit einem hohen Bedarf an materiellen und energetischen Ressourcen sowie finanziellen Aufwendungen verbunden. Zum anderen sind nahezu 50 % des deutschen Abfallaufkommens dem Bausektor zuzurechnen, Die Beschränktheit natürlicher Ressourcen, die zunehmenden negativen Umweltauswirkungen sowie die Verteuerung und Verknappung von Deponieraum führten in den letzten Jahren zu einem Umdenken in der Bau- und Abfallwirtschaft hin zu einer Kreislaufwirtschaft. Im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Kreislaufwirtschaft sind die im Bausektor anfallenden Restmassen zukünftig möglichst einem Recycling zuzuführen. Bei der Wahl der geeigneten Recyclingoption spielen technische, ökologische und ökonomische Fragestellungen eine Rolle. Für den Bereich Mauerwerksrecycling existiert bisher keine umfassende Methodik zur ganzheitlichen Eignungsbewertung (Technik, Ökologie, Ökonomie) mit einem vertretbaren Arbeitsaufwand. Grundlegende strukturierte und strukturierende Informationen für das Recycling von Mauerwerksbruch fehlen bislang. Aus diesem Grunde wird derzeit mit dem Ziel eines möglichst hochwertigen Mauerwerksrecyclings eine umfassende und praxisorientierte Methodik entwickelt. Diese Methodik soll eine
ganzheitliche Eignungsbewertung unterschiedlicher potenzieller Recyclingbereiche für Mauerwerksbruch ermöglichen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden erste Ansätze dieser Bewertungsmethode vorgestellt.
Despite the numerous possibilities to influence the properties of repair mortars by modifications of the mixture proportioning, it is almost impossible to change an individual property without influencing other mortar properties. When optimising a mixture, it has to be decided for each individual case, which of the mortar properties needs to be treated with the highest priority. Most properties can be altered by several different measures, which may vary in effectiveness, side effects and cost efficiency. As the prevention of shrinkage induced constraining cracks is crucial for the durability and Service life of a concrete repair task, in the presented paper special attention is paid to the influences on the mortar’s shrinkage behaviour. On the basis of parameter studies it is shown, how it may be beneficial in certain cases to accept the worsening of some general properties if by this measure another property, which is essential for the individual application task, can be enhanced significantly. In general a tailor-made approach for the mixture proportioning seems beneficial but due to the complexity of the constituents’ interactions in repair mortars, it bears a high risk of unexpected malfunctions.
Concrete is by far the most common building material in the world. Due to its good durability it is widely used in building envelopes. One major part of the embodied energy in concrete comes from the production of Portland cement that consumes around 3,500 MJ energy per each ton of cement. Globally 2.6 billion tons of Portland cement is produced and the consumption is increasing. Since concrete will be used as main building material also in future construction, it is reasonable to develop concrete building components with lower embodied energy.Using the example of an ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) façade element, it is demonstrated how the embodied energy can be reduced by application of hydrothermal curing.
Hydraulische Bindemittel
(2008)
Ingress of moisture and harmful ions (e.g. Chloride, sulfate) into cementitious materials is one of the major factors in defining their durability. Modifications of building materials by targeted deposition of surface functional agents that make the surface hydro- and/or oleophobic aim to minimize moisture and ion ingress, and thus extend Service life of the cement based structures. Water repellent and easy-to-clean coatings for inorganic Substrates have gained strong attention during the last few years and various formulations based on silicones or alkylpolysiloxanes have been developed. Cementitious building materials are highly complex Systems with many components and changing properties in the course of a building’s Service life. The interactions between the Chemical agents and the cement based materials depend on many factors. The Chemical properties of the material Substrate appear to be the most important but in the context of their influence on the functionality of silanes and/or siloxanes these characteristics have not been well understood yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different blended cements on water repellent agents’ performance. Two organosilicon compounds
were applied on fresh blended cements containing limestone (L), fly ash (F), slag (S) and trass (T), and investigated in terms of their functionality.
The surface properties of functionalized blended cements were studied based on wettability, i.e. contact angle measurements, before and after exposure to artificial and natural weathering. The first results indicate that slag and trass more distinctly affect the water repellent Surface performance after aging.
The complex matter of external sulphate attack on cement-based construction materials is still not completely understood. The concentration of sulphate is a crucial factor for the formation of secondary phases and phase transitions of cement hydrates due to sulphate ingress into the microstructure. The sulphate attack on building materials for high and low sulphate concentrations was monitored by laboratory experiments. Hardened cement paste consisting of ordinary Portland cement (CEM I) were exposed to aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate for 18 months. Three sample compositions were used for this research, including different supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). The phase composition was determined for different time spans by high resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Cross sections of exposed cement prisms were investigated as a representation of the microstructural profile. Based on the data, a temporal and spatial determination of the stages of the sulphate attack and the deterioration course was possible. Cement matrices blended with slag showed the highest resistance against sulphate attack.
ln den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz verstärkt Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Die damit einhergehende oft drastische Reduzierung der Nutzungsdauer der Betonfahrbahndecke führte zu einer starken Intensivierung der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet. Zentraler Forschungsgegenstand war bisher neben der Suche nach geeigneten präventiven betontechnologischen Maßnahmen vor allem die Entwicklung performanceorientierter Prüfverfahren zur AKR-Prävention. Dabei wurden insbesondere die klimatischen Einwirkungen auf die Betonfahrbahndecke und der externe Alkalieintrag zeitraffend simuliert. Die zusätzlich interagierenden mechanischen Einwirkungen aus dem Verkehr fanden bisher keine Berücksichtigung. Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt die 2011 eingerichtete und 2015 um weitere drei Jahre verlängerte DFG-Forschergruppe 1498 u. a. das Ziel, den Einfluss einer mechanisch induzierten Vorschädigung (Ermüdungsbeanspruchung) auf den AKR-Schädigungsprozess zu klären. Die hierfür erforderliche Beschreibung der vielfältigen interagierenden Schädigungs- und Transportprozesse erfordert eine enge Verknüpfung von Experimenten mit einer mehrskaligen Modellierung. Die experimentelle Basis bildet die mechanische Vorschädigung (Ermüdung) großformatiger Balken aus einem Fahrbahndeckenbeton mit einem erhöhten AKR-Schädigungspotenzial. Aus diesen Balken werden nach der Ermüdungsbeanspruchung kleinformatige Probekörper gewonnen, an denen die Auswirkungen der mechanischen Vorschädigung auf das Betongefüge und die interagierenden Transport- und Schädigungsprozesse analysiert werden. Das Teilprojekt der SAM hat in diesem Kontext die Aufgabe, ganzheitlich die Rissbildungsprozesse und den interagierenden Eintrag bzw. Auslaugung der Alkalien von der mechanisch induzierten Vorschädigung bis zum AKR-Schädigungsprozess in enger Abstimmung mit den Forschungspartnern zu untersuchen. Den Schwerpunkt dieses Beitrags bildet die Charakterisierung der Rissbildungsprozesse durch die mechanische Vorschädigung und ihrer Auswirkungen auf die interagierenden Transportprozesse. Das schließt die Vorstellung der hierfür angewandten innovative Prüftechniken und Prüfmethodologien ein.
Ultrahochleistungsbeton (UHPC) zeichnet sich durch eine enorme hohe Druckfestigkeit von über 150MPa aus, während er gleichzeitig eine hohe Dichtheit besitzt. Im Schwerpunktprogramm SPP 1182 der DFG sind umfangreiche Untersuchungen zu verschiedensten Aspekten des UHPC durchgeführt worden, sodass die Voraussetzungen für eine breite Anwendung gegeben sind.
Concrete technology results more and more in the development of materiale with enhanced properties, such as high strength, higher durability and increased ecological compatibility. One exceptional example is Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Its advantages are very high compressive strength and an improved durability, caused by their dense micro structure. Curing under water vapor Saturation pressure (autoclaving) can improve these properties by affecting the micro structure and better the mechanical properties of UHPC. Autoclaving leads to an enhanced cement hydration and accelerated reaction rate of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) and mineral additions, Used at the production of aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC) and sand-lime bricks, the process of autoclaving is well known, especially in highly porous Systems. One well known requirement to autoclave effectively is a porosity of at least 10%. There is no sufficient heat transfer and also not enough water available if the porosity is lower, Nevertheless, autoclaving also works in the dense structure of UHPC with porosities lower than 2%, as former investigations have shown. There is only a visible difference between the outer parts of the samples compared to their core. Investigations on the chemistry, the micro structure as well as the mechanical properties where performed to find an explanation to this effect and to explain the functionality of autoclaving UHPC in spite of the low porosity.
Auf Grundlage der Zielsetzung der Forschergruppe 1498 beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit den Auswirkungen einer zyklischen mechanischen Belastung im Vierpunktbiegeversuch auf das Transportverhalten in Betongefüge. Hierzu wurde zunächst die Degradation des Mikrogefüges mittels Ultraschallmessungen sowie rissmikroskopischen Untersuchungen an Dünnschliffen charakterisiert. Mit dem Ziel der numerischen Modellbildung wurden Untersuchungen zum Wassereindringverhalten durchgeführt. Es wurden u. a. das Wassereindringverhalten über die Zeit und der Einfluss von Vorschädigungen experimentell geprüft. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen zu den Einzelprozessen des Ionentransports in poröses Gefüge wurde ein mikromechanisches Mehrskalenmodell entwickelt, welches es ermöglicht, die Wirkung der Vorschädigung auf gekoppelte Feuchte- und Ionentransportprozesse vorherzusagen. Das Modell berücksichtigt die Topologie und räumliche Verteilung der Mikrorisse und deren Einfluss auf die Ionendiffusivität. Die numerische Simulation liefert bei anisotroper Verteilung der Mikrorisse eine erhöhte Alkali-Eindringtiefe. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to the goals of the research group 1498, this paper deals with the effects of cyclic flexural loading in a four-point bending test on the fluid transport processes within a concrete structure. Therefore, the degradation of the microstructure is characterized through ultrasonic wave measurements as well as microscopic crack analysis. In order to numerically model these processes, experiments on the penetration behavior of water into the concrete were carried out. The penetration behavior over time as well as the influence of degradation on the water transport were investigated. To predict the influence of concrete degradation on alkali diffusivity, a multi-scale continuum micromechanics model is incorporated into the numerical model, which accounts for the topology and the three-dimensional distribution of microcracks. As expected, the numerical simulation predicts larger alkali-penetration in pre-damaged concrete. Regarding the micro-crack distribution, an anisotropic distribution of micro-cracks tangential to the direction of the alkali and water flux increases their penetration depth.
In Germany, a quantity of more than 10 million metric tons of masonry rubble is generated per year. With regard to a sustainable closed substance cycle waste management, these rest masses have to be recovered if possible. The end-of-life (EOL) phase of masonry includes the planning steps of demolition, processing and application. The choice of the most sustainable solution raises questions regarding material technology, plant engineering, economic efficiency and ecological issues. For this purpose, a methodological concept for a holistic assessment of the EOL phase of masonry is developed within the scope of a doctoral thesis. For the assessment the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is adapted. The assessment concept enables a holistic comparison of different EOL scenarios for masonry while integrating all planning steps. It combines Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), Life Cycle Working Environment (LCWE), economic evaluation methods and material testing. In future, various scenarios can be evaluated with regard to the goals of the European and German waste management industry.