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The combination of RFID tags and energy efficient sensors offers promising potential for identification, diagnosis, and monitoring applications - particularly when it comes to objacts, which require continuous observation and which are difficult to access with conventional tools. This paper presents two examples as an outlook for RFID sensor systems in embedded structures and in mobile applications.
In preliminary work, gas sensors in linear form based on the measuring principle of gas selective permeability through a membrane were developed and introduced for the detection and quantification of gas concentrations. In this study, first experimental results are presented for adapting the technology for measuring methane (CH4). A material with suitable selective permeability was identified and utilized in a sensor setup containing the gas selective membrane and a reference membrane, both integrated in a measuring cell, to which a gas stream with defined CH4 concentrations was applied. The results prove the sensor's capability for measuring methane and indicate further application potential of the method, e.g., as a robust field monitoring technology, since CH4 is the major component of natural gas, town gas, and fracking gas.
Fiber optic sensors have gained increasing importance in recent years and are well established in many areas of industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce a concept of a self-diagnostic fiber optic sensor. The presented sensor is to resolve the problems of embedded fiber optic sensors in complex structures and to enable the validation under operational conditions. For this purpose, different magnetostrictive coated fiber optic sensors were developed and various experiments were performed to verify their mode of operation and to determine the respective reproducibility. The measuring principle is illustrated by obtained experimental results, which showed a change in wavelength from 1 pm at a magnetic field strength change of 0.25 mT. In addition, the temperature characteristics of the implemented magnetostrictive sensor were analyzed and an experimental factor of 1.5 compared to a reference fiber optic sensor was determined.
In the near future, it will be important to adopt innovative approaches and technologies in order to further guarantee the reliability and availability of the highway network. New tools are therefore needed in order 'to obtain in-depth information about the condition of bridges and its development early enough before significant, precarious damage cases occur. In 2011, the research program "Intelligente Brücken (Smart Bridges)" was launched by the BASt together with the BMVI to evolve systems for information and holistic evaluation for bridge structures as a supplement to the current inspection-based maintenance management. Several projects dealt with the topic in the last few years and provided guidelines and a solid basis to move towards a first implementation considering the input of all research projects carried out so far.
Real-time wind estimation on a micro unmanned aerial vehicle using its inertial measurement unit
(2015)
This paper presents an approach for a quadrocoper-based micro unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that estimates the wind vector (speed and direction) in real-time based on measurement data of its on-board sensors only. This method does not need any additional airspeed sensor or dedicated anemometer, and thus the micro UAV's valuable payload remains free for other sensors. Wind tunnel and field tests were used to evaluate the performance of the approach. In order to quantify its accuracy, experiments are presented where data was collected with an anemometer placed in an open field with the micro UAV in flight following a predefined trajectory around the anemometer and hovering at a defined position close to it.
Untergrundspeicher für Roh- und Abfallstoffe gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Verwendet werden sie vor allem für Stoffe wie Erdgas, Wasserstoff, Erdöl und neuerdings auch für Kohlen-stoffdioxid (CO2). Diese Stoffe werden meist unter Druck in Kavernen- oder Porenspeichern einge-lagert. Die Speicher dienen einerseits zum Ausgleich von Ungleichgewichten zwischen Ange-bot/Förderung und Nachfrage/Verbrauch und zur Erhöhung der Versorgungssicherheit. Anderer-seits bestehen Konzepte Abfallstoffe oder Gefahrstoffe für die Umwelt (aktuell CO2-Speicherung) dort für lange Zeiträume einzulagern. Mit den Einlagerungsstoffen verbunden ist ein signifikantes Gefahrenpotential für Mensch und Umwelt, falls es trotz aller Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu einem unkontrollierten Austritt dieser Stoffe kommen sollte. Daher kommt dem Monitoring derartiger Untergrundspeicher und den darüber befindlichen Bodenstrukturen eine extrem hohe Bedeutung zu.
Ein hochaktuelles Beispiel, das die Überwachung entsprechender Bodenflächen fordert, ist die unterirdische CO2-Speicherung im Rahmen der CO2-Abscheidung und -Speicherung (Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, CCS). CCS gilt als wichtige Brückentechnologie der Energiewirtschaft und wird weltweit vorangetrieben, während die Sicherheit von Bevölkerung und Biosphäre noch kont-rovers diskutiert wird. Auch die EU setzt auf CCS und gibt in der EU-Richtlinie 2009/31 als Ziel-setzung bis 2015 vor, 15 Pilotanlagen zu bauen und in Betrieb zu nehmen. Als Bedingung für die Genehmigung der CO2-Speicherung ist explizit die Überwachung der Speicheranlagen durch Monito-ring vorgeschrieben, wobei die technisch besten Lösungen zum Einsatz kommen sollen.
Das zu entwickelnde Messsystem adressiert neben den o.g. Anwendungsfeldern weitere, bei denen insbesondere die Emission von Gasen ein Risiko für Mensch und Umwelt darstellt oder wirt-schaftlichen Schaden verursachen kann. Hierzu zählen die Überwachung von Abfalldeponien, Ge-fahrgutlagerstätten, kontaminierten Altlastengebieten, Moor-, Torf-, Kohleflözen (präventive Branderkennung) und geodynamisch aktiven Regionen. Auch moderne Fördertechnologien, wie das Hot-Dry-Rock-Verfahren (HDR) zur Energiegewinnung durch Einpressen von überkritischem CO2 in den Erdkörper, das die Beweglichkeit eines Gases mit der Dichte einer Flüssigkeit kombiniert und Wärmeaustausch im Erdinneren bewirkt, bergen das Risiko unkontrollierter Gasemissionen und bedürfen der umfassenden Überwachung.
Long-term completely embedded sensor systems offer innovative possibilities for structural health monitoring of concrete structures. Measuring of relevant parameters, e.g., temperature, humidity, or indication of corrosion can be performed with low energy sensors. This allows to implement passive RFID sensor systems without cable connection and battery, which are power supplied exclusively by the electromagnetic field from the external reader device. To evaluate characteristics and conditions of this concept, a systematical investigation of the transmission characteristics with variation of relevant parameters, as communication frequency, installation depth, type of concrete, moisture content, etc. is currently carried out in an interdisciplinary research project at BAM. First results are presented in this paper.
Long-term completely embedded sensor systems offer innovative possibilities for structural health Monitoring of concrete structures. Measuring of relevant parameters, e.g., temperature, humidity, or indication of corrosion can be performed with low energy sensors.
This allows to implement passive RFID sensor systems without cable connection and battery, which are power supplied exclusively by the electromagnetic field from the external Reader device. To evaluate characteristics and conditions of this concept, a systematical Investigation of the transmission characteristics with variation of relevant parameters, as communication frequency, installation depth, type of concrete, moisture content, etc. is currently carried out in an interdisciplinary research project at BAM. First results are presented in this paper.
Fiber optic sensors have gained increasing importance in recent years and are well established in many areas of industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce a concept of a self-diagnostic fiber optic sensor. The presented sensor is to resolve the problems of embedded fiber optic sensors in complex structures and to enable the validation under operational conditions. For this purpose, different magnetostrictive coated fiber optic sensors were developed and various experiments were performed to verify their mode of Operation and to determine the respective reproducibility. The measuring principle is illustrated by obtained experimental results, which showed a change in wavelength from 1 pm at a magnetic field strength change of 0.25 mT.
In addition, the temperature characteristics of the implemented magnetostrictive sensor were analyzed and an experimental factor of 1.5 compared to a reference fiber optic sensor was determined.