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- Cracks (2)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Unter zyklischen Belastungen findet im Beton, wie bei anderen Materialien auch, ein Ermüdungsprozess statt, der letztlich im Versagen des Materials enden kann. Im derzeitigen Erkenntnisstand zum Materialverhalten des Betons gibt es gerade bei dessen Ermüdungsverhalten noch viele nicht oder nicht ausreichend geklärte Fragestellungen. Deshalb wurde in Laborversuchen das Ermüdungsverhalten von Beton unter Druckschwellbeanspruchungen untersucht. Im Fokus dieser Untersuchungen standen dabei die während der Lebensdauer im Materialgefüge ablaufenden Prozesse, die zur Schädigung des Gefüges und schließlich auch zum Ermüdungsversagen führen können.
In den Ermüdungsversuchen wurden versuchsbegleitend Dehnungsmessungen, Ultraschall-Laufzeitmessungen und Schallemissionsmessungen an den Proben zur Erfassung der Schädigungsevolution eingesetzt. Die Schallemissionsmessung ist dabei ein wichtiges Instrument, da sie die Rissentwicklungsprozesse detektiert, die die Ursache für die Materialschädigung sind. Mit ihr konnten die unterschiedlichen Phasen der Rissentwicklungen über die gesamte Lebensdauer der Betonproben festgestellt werden. Diese Phasen sind gekennzeichnet durch sich stabilisierende, stabile und instabile Rissprozesse, die entsprechende Auswirkungen auf das Materialverhalten haben. Ein Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen der anderen Messtechniken zeigt den entsprechenden Einfluss der Rissentwicklungen auf die Materialeigenschaften des Betons.
Unter zyklischen Belastungen findet im Beton, wie bei anderen Materialien auch, ein Ermüdungsprozess statt. Im derzeitigen Erkenntnisstand zum Materialverhalten des heterogenen Betons gibt es gerade bei dessen Ermüdungsverhalten momentan noch viele nicht oder nicht ausreichend geklärte Fragestellungen. Deshalb befasst sich der vorliegende Beitrag mit der experimentellen Untersuchung des Ermüdungsverhaltens von Beton, speziell unter hochzyklischen Druckschwellbelastungen. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen dabei die während der gesamten Lebensdauer im Materialgefüge ablaufenden Prozesse, die zu Veränderungen im Materialverhalten und schließlich auch bis zum Ermüdungsversagen führen können. Ziel ist es, eine möglichst realitätsnahe Beschreibung des im Materialgefüge ablaufenden Ermüdungsprozesses zu entwickeln.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden einige Ergebnisse von Ermüdungsversuchen an Betonprobekörpern vorgestellt, die in den letzten Jahren an der BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Fachgebiet Statik und Dynamik der TU Berlin durchgeführt wurden. Dabei wurde der Fokus auf die Untersuchung des Ermüdungsprozesses an sich und seine Ursachen gelegt. Aufbauend auf diesen Erkenntnissen wird ein Modell entwickelt, welches das beobachtete Materialverhalten realitätsnah abbilden kann, sich derzeit aber noch in der Entwicklung befindet.
The aim of this project is to get deeper insight into the fatigue behaviour of concrete under cyclic compressive loading. It focuses on the evaluation and modelling of the entire damage process during life-cycle by means of various non-destructive measuring techniques. In numerous tests on cylinders h/d = 30/10 cm under different cyclic loading conditions, the crack development and the damage evolution are monitored using acoustic emission analysis and ultrasonic velocity measurement. The final aim will be the definition of a damage descriptor D based on experimental observations, which can be implemented into a numerical model on a meso-mechanical level.
Reinforced concrete is a widely used material for power generation structures, where load scenarios like impact loadings need to be considered. In this context mechanical splicing systems for the connection of reinforcement bars are of specific interest and impact resistance for the splicing systems has to be verified. High speed tensile tests need to be performed on splicing systems for reinforcement bars to confirm the capability of the coupler to resist impact loading. Furthermore, the ability of the reinforcement steel to dissipate energy by ductile behaviour with pronounced plastic strains should be confirmed by these tests. During the last decades comprehensive experiences were developed at BAM performing high speed tensile tests on reinforcement bars as well as on several splicing systems. For the lack of available standards defining these tests in detail an appropriate test procedure was developed and continuously optimized during this period at BAM. The test procedure is partially based on testing principles adapted from available standards. The main intention behind this test procedure is to perform high-speed tensile tests with a specific constant strain rate generated at the specimen. Furthermore, main objective was to establish a procedure to guarantee the comparability of test results for different diameter of reinforcement as well as for different types of couplers. Besides the pure execution of the high-speed tensile tests, the test specification also declares how to evaluate the measurements and the test results. Finally, some typical results will be presented in this contribution.
This paper deals with the assessment of track deterioration using a train-track interaction model. While modelling a train-track system a balance has to be found between the complexity and effort of the model on the one side and the needs for the assessment. The choice of assessment criteria are decisive for the given task. For an optimization of the track and its components simple assessment criteria are needed to allow for a variation of parameters. The paper describes the generalized process for track assessment and optimization and gives examples for specific members.
The current knowledge about fatigue behavior of concrete is still incomplete. This concerns especially the progress of fatigue which precedes the fatigue failure. Therefore, the process of fatigue itself under cyclic compressive loading was investigated in a systematic and comprehensive way. The aim of this investigation was to obtain a deeper insight and to provide a better understanding of the damage process occurring within the material during fatigue loading. Concrete cylinders were tested with a number of cycles to failure between 106 and 107. To investigate macroscopic and microscopic changes in the material, various methods of non-destructive and destructive testing were used. One main result was, in contrast to other authors, that the investigated changes in macroscopic material behavior could not be explained only by a development of micro-cracks. The results indicated rather, that the related changes in the fatigue behavior are mainly a result of viscous processes in the hardened cement paste, similar to the processes of creep. Based on the experimental results a description of the possible processes was derived which take place in the material structure during fatigue loading and also leads to the observed macroscopic changes in the material behavior. In this context, the results have shown that in case of isotropic material behavior a stiffness reduction related to a scalar value could not capture the damage effect on the stress-strain-relationship caused by fatigue.
The current knowledge about fatigue behavior of concrete is still incomplete. This concerns especially the progress of fatigue which precedes the fatigue failure. Therefore, the process of fatigue itself under cyclic compressive loading was investigated in a systematic and comprehensive way. The aim of this investigation was to obtain a deeper insight and to provide a better understanding of the damage process occurring within the material during fatigue loading. Concrete cylinders were tested with a number of cycles to failure between 106 and 107. To investigate macroscopic and microscopic changes in the material, various methods of non-destructive and destructive testing were used. One main result was, in contrast to other authors, that the investigated changes in macroscopic material behavior could not be explained only by a development of micro-cracks. The results indicated rather, that the related changes in the fatigue behavior are mainly a result of viscous processes in the hardened cement paste, similar to the processes of creep. Based on the experimental results a description of the possible processes was derived which take place in the material structure during fatigue loading and also leads to the observed macroscopic changes in the material behavior. In this context, the results have shown that in case of isotropic material behavior a stiffness reduction related to a scalar value could not capture the damage effect on the stress-strain-relationship caused by fatigue.
Fatigue is of relevance not only for metals but also for concrete. The current knowledge about fatigue behaviour of concrete is, however, incomplete. This concerns especially the progress of fatigue which precedes the fatigue failure. Some macroscopic effects of this process are well known but the governing material changes behind them are still less studied. The focus of the present contribution lay on a systematic and comprehensive investigation of the fatigue process under cyclic compressive loading. The aim was to obtain a deeper insight and to provide a better understanding of the damage process in the material. Cylindrical specimens were tested with a number of cycles to failure between 106 and 107. Various methods of non-destructive and destructive testing were used to investigate macroscopic and microscopic changes in the material. One main result was that the changes in the macroscopic material behaviour could not be explained only by the development of micro cracks. The results indicated that the related changes in the fatigue behaviour originate rather from viscous processes in the cement stone, similar to the process of creep. A sound description of the possible processes was derived from the obtained experimental results which concerns material structure during fatigue loading. It has been shown that in case of isotropic material behaviour a stiffness reduction related to a scalar value could not capture the damage effect on the stress-strain relationship caused by fatigue.
Remediation of Cracks Formed in Grouted Connections of Offshore Energy Structures under Static Loads
(2018)
The future energy demand necessitates the exploration of all potential energy sources both onshore and offshore. Global trend has shifted towards offshore energy, which can be obtained from either carbon intensive or renewable options, hence requiring structures such as rigs, platforms, and monopiles. Most of these structures adopt easily installable construction techniques, where lower foundation need to be connected with the super structure by mean of grouted composite joints. Generally, these composite connections have exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill grout. Being located in remote offshore conditions, connections can experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Degradations were reported inside similar connections, which were installed in last three decades. Besides, grouting in the offshore sites may often be proven difficult, which eventually leads to reduced capacity of connections in the long run. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections should be planned ahead to minimize operational delays and costs in the future. This study aims at characterizing the nature of crack generation in grouted connections and thereby identifying the potential of repair using suitable repair material. Scaled grouted joints were manufactured using a novel mold, and connections were loaded under static load to visualize the main failure pattern. The failure mechanism and loading capacity are found compatible to previous results from earlier literature. Grouted connection was then repaired using cementitious injectable grout. The effectiveness of the repair system is also discussed.