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Organisationseinheit der BAM
A systematic approach was used to investigate the weathering-induced degradation of a common water–based intumescent coating. In this study, the coatings are intended for humid indoor applications on steel substrates. The coating contains ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, melamine, and polyvinyl acetate. By replacing each ingredient with a less water-soluble substance, the most vulnerable substances, polyvinyl acetate and pentaerythritol, were identified. Furthermore, the weathering resistance of the system was improved by exchanging the ingredients. The coatings were stressed by artificial weathering tests and evaluated by fire tests. Thermogravimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the thermal decomposition. This study lays the foundation for the development of a new generation of water-based intumescent coatings.
Ausgehend von einer kritischen Analyse der Materialkennwerte für normalfesten (NFB) und hochfesten Beton (HFB) im Eurocode 2 wurden in grundlegenden Untersuchungen an der BAM exemplarisch für einen HFB die thermomechanischen Materialkennwerte bestimmt, um auf der Basis eines geeigneten Materialmodells das Verhalten von Stahlbetonstützen aus HFB unter Brandbeanspruchung zu simulieren. Die Validierung des Modells erfolgte mittels großmaßstäblicher Brandversuche an belasteten Stahlbetonstützen aus dem gleichen HFB wie in den Materialuntersuchungen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Festigkeit als charakteristischer Parameter des Materialmodells zwingend auf der Basis instationärer Versuche und nicht aus stationären Versuchen wie bei NFB üblich bestimmt werden muss. Mit den in vorgeschlagenen Materialbeziehungen für HFB wird das Tragverhalten der untersuchten Stützen dagegen deutlich überschätzt, was sich in den numerischen Simulationen insbesondere durch zu geringe Verformungen äußert.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Development and Validation of an Advanced Calculation Model for High Strength Concrete Columns Subjected to Fire Loading
Following a critical analysis of the material parameters of normal strength (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC) presented in Eurocode 2 the thermo-mechanical material parameters of one representative HSC were identified. Using these parameters and based on an appropriate material model the behavior of HSC columns was simulated. The validation of the model was realized through real scale fire resistance tests on loaded columns of the same type of HSC as in the material identification tests. It was found that the strength as a characteristic parameter of the material model has to be identified on the basis of transient creep tests and not of stationary tests, respectively as realized usually for NSC. It could be shown that the structural behavior of the tested columns is overestimated if the numerical simulations are based on the material properties of HSC as proposed in. This feature is expressed especially through insufficient displacements.
The fire behaviour of light-weight material used in structural applications is regarded as the main challenge to be solved for mass transportation. The task is to perform realistic experiments, including a mechanical test scenario under fully developed fires, to improve the material's reliability in structural applications. Our approach utilises an intermediate-scale test set-up (specimen size 500 × 500 mm) to apply realistic compressive loads and fully developed fires directly to one side of a carbon-fibre-reinforced sandwich composite. Three different intumescent coatings were applied to sandwich structures and compared to a bench-scale study. The results emphasise intumescent coatings as a promising method to sustain fire resistance, multiplying the time to failure. Nevertheless, the realistic intermediate-scale test using severe direct flame application underlines the extremely short failure times when the actual composite components are tested without any additional insulation.
Fire stability of glass-fibre sandwich panels: The influence of core materials and flame retardants
(2017)
Fire resistance has become a key property for structural lightweight sandwich components in aviation, shipping, railway vehicles, and construction. The development of future composite materials and components demands adequate test procedures for simultaneous application of compression and fully developed fire. Therefore an intermediate-scale approach (specimen size = 500 mm x 500 mm) is applied with compressive loads (up to 1 MN) and direct application of a burner to one side of the specimens, as established in aviation for severe burn-through tests. The influence of different core structures (polyvinylchloride foam, polyisocyanorate foam reinforced by stitched glass bridges, and balsa wood) was investigated for glass-fibre-reinforced sandwich specimens with and without flame retardants applied on the fabrics, in the matrix, and on surface for each specimen at the same time. Times to failure were increased up to a factor of 4. The intumescent coating prolongs the time to failure significantly.
What is more, using the intrinsic potential of the front skin together with the core to protect a load bearing back skin in sandwich panels, the design of the core – here using the wood core – is the most promising approach.
A test set-up in intermediate scale was conceived to investigate the structural integrity of materials under fire. The task was to develop a realistic test scenario targeting component-like behaviour. Carbon-fibre-reinforced sandwich specimens (500 X 500 X 20 mm) were used to examine failure mechanisms, times to failure and critical failure loads under compression. Fire tests were performed with fully developed fire applied to one side of the specimen by an oil burner. In a first test series, the applied load was varied, but the fully developed fire remained unchanged. In general, times to failure were short. Decreased load levels resulted in prolonged times to failure and led to a different failure mechanism. Results obtained in the test series were compared with a bench-scale study (150 X 150 X 20 mm) investigating identical material. The comparison clearly revealed the influence of size on the time to failure and the load-bearing capacity.
The phenomenon of creep of structural steel in fire engineering is gaining more and more interest. Due to shortcomings of the EC3 constitutive model and other approaches based on classical creep theory an alternative approach mainly based on the ideas of Krempl is proposed. Due to this so-called operator approach the material as well as the constitutive model is looked upon as an operator. The application of this view serves as a guide through the analysis of the relationship between experimental facts and constitutive theory especially in the context of transient creep.