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- Zeitschriftenartikel (52) (entfernen)
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- Ground vibration (12)
- Track-soil interaction (6)
- Layered soil (5)
- Railway track (5)
- Slab track (5)
- Train passage (5)
- Vehicle-track interaction (5)
- Force transfer (3)
- Hammer impact (3)
- Mitigation (3)
- Train-induced ground vibration (3)
- Wavenumber integrals (3)
- Axle sequence (2)
- Excitation forces (2)
- Field tests (2)
- Finite element method (2)
- Finite-element boundary-element method (2)
- Rail roughness (2)
- Railway (2)
- Rayleigh wave (2)
- Resonance (2)
- Static axle loads (2)
- Track vibration (2)
- Vehicle–track interaction (2)
- Amplitude-distance law (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Axle box measurements (1)
- Axle impulses (1)
- Axle-load spectra (1)
- Ballast mat (1)
- Ballast track (1)
- Base isolation (1)
- Beam dynamics (1)
- Beam-soil interaction (1)
- Bending waves (1)
- Blasting charge (1)
- Boundary element (1)
- Boundary element method (1)
- Bridge (1)
- Bridge resonance (1)
- Bridge vibration (1)
- Building response (1)
- Cancellation (1)
- Combined finite-element boundary-element method (1)
- Compliance function (1)
- Components of excitation (1)
- Continuous soil (1)
- Continuously inhomogeneous soils (1)
- Drop height (1)
- Dynamic axle loads (1)
- Dynamic loads (1)
- Dynamic pile and pile group stiffness (1)
- Elastic length (1)
- Elastic track elements (1)
- Emission (1)
- Environmental vibrations (1)
- Experimental verification (1)
- Explosion (1)
- Fequency domain (1)
- Filter effect of the soil (1)
- Filter effects (1)
- Finite element (1)
- Finite-element method (1)
- Flexible car body (1)
- Flexible plate (1)
- Flexible wheelset (1)
- Floating slab track (1)
- Foundations (1)
- Frequency-wavenumber method (1)
- Geometric trackbed irregularities (1)
- Geometric vehicle and track irregularities (1)
- High-speed trains (1)
- Insertion loss (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interior load (1)
- Irregular soil (1)
- Irregularities (1)
- Kinematic and inertial soil-pile-building (1)
- Layered soils (1)
- Mass drop (1)
- Material damping (1)
- Measured railway vibrations (1)
- Measurement campaigns (1)
- Measurements (1)
- Modal analysis (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Moving load (1)
- Multi-beam model (1)
- Multi-beam track model (1)
- Multi-beam-on-support model (1)
- Obstacles (1)
- Parametric excitation (1)
- Pile bending stiffness (1)
- Pile foundation (1)
- Plate-soil interaction (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictions (1)
- Quasi-static response; (1)
- Rail pad (1)
- Railway bridge (1)
- Railway forces (1)
- Railway induced vibration (1)
- Railway measurement campaign (1)
- Railway track vibration (1)
- Random dynamics and vibrations (1)
- Random stiffness variation (1)
- Randomly heterogeneous soil (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Rigid vehicle model (1)
- Scattered axle impulses (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering damping (1)
- Sleeper pad (1)
- Soil forces (1)
- Soil stiffness (1)
- Soil transfer function (1)
- Soil-building interaction (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Stiffness variation (1)
- Target stiffness (1)
- Track (1)
- Track alignment (1)
- Track and vehicle irregularities (1)
- Track damage (1)
- Track damage monitoring (1)
- Track damage quantification (1)
- Track deflection (1)
- Track deformation (1)
- Track displacements (1)
- Track dynamic (1)
- Track filter (1)
- Track filtering (1)
- Track-soil and vehicle-track resonances (1)
- Train induced ground vibration (1)
- Train speed (1)
- Train-induced vibration (1)
- Trench (1)
- Tunnel (1)
- Tunnel-to-surface reduction (1)
- Under-sleeper pads (1)
- Varying track stiffness (1)
- Vehicle-track-soil interaction (1)
- Vibration (1)
- Vibration isolation (1)
- Vibration reduction (1)
- Wave attenuation (1)
- Wave excitation (1)
- Wave propagation (1)
- Wavenumber domain (1)
- Wavenumber method (1)
- Wheel out-of-roundness (1)
- Wheelset (1)
- Wheelset accelerations (1)
- Wind energy tower (1)
- layered soil (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (16)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (16)
Ground vibrations due to different technical sources are analysed in theory and experiment for the dispersion of Rayleigh waves and the admittance spectra. Both tasks are theoretically based on the same concept: The admittance function in frequencywavenumber domain yields the dispersion as its maxima, and the admittance function in space domain is obtained by integrating it over the wavenumbers. On the experimental side, many signal processing methods have been applied to many sites and have been developed by the authors in the last 35 years, i.e., time-domain methods, including the cross-correlation method, and frequency-domain methods such as the spectral analysis of surface waves with two or multiple sensors, the wavenumber-transform method, and the spatial autocorrelation method. All methods are presented by their basic formula and by at least one example site. Different sensor arrays and deterministic and stochastic sources have been tested for the spatial autocorrelation method and the wavenumber-transform method at several sites. In addition, all frequency-domain methods are presented for a specific layered site comparing their quality. The evaluated dispersion curves are very similar, but a somewhat higher frequency range has been found for the fastest method, i.e., the multi-sensor spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves method. The theoretical solutions have been used for the inversion of the measured dispersion to the soil profile of the specific layered soil. The theoretical soil model has subsequently been used to predict the ground vibration spectra of hammer and railway excitation that exhibit a good agreement with the corresponding measurements. Thus, the contribution shows the benefit of active and passive seismic methods for the prediction of railway vibration, including a new version of the spatial autocorrelation method for technical vibrations. On the other hand, technical and namely railway vibrations are considered a seismic source for the exploration of near surface soils.
The vibrations of soil and foundations are demonstrated for different types of loading. Train-induced ground vibrations are studied in a measurement campaign where a test train has run with regularly varied speeds. The measured train-induced soil vibration at 2 to 100 m distance from the track is compared with the wave propagation due to hammer excitation and with the theoretical wave field. The strong influence of the soil and the train speed on the amplitudes and frequencies of the vibration has been analysed for passages of the locomotive and the carriages. - The generation of ground vibration by strong explosions has been studied on a large testing area with sandy soil. The propagating waves were measured in a regular grid of measuring points in 10 to 1000 m. Therefore, the dominance of certain waves at certain distances and the changes of compressional waves and Rayleigh waves could clearly be observed. The results are compared with impulse hammer measurements in the range of 5 to 50 m. - A drop test facility has been built on the testing area of the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Heavy masses (containers) of up to 200 t can be dropped from 10 m height on a big reinforced concrete foundation. The foundation was instrumented by accelerometers, strain gauges and pressure cells to give information about the loading condition and by geophones to measure the vibration of the surrounding soil and building. Both excitation processes, the release of the mass and the impact, produce high vibration amplitudes. On a smaller drop foundation, the influence of the drop height and the target stiffness has been studied more systematically.
The dynamics of un-isolated and isolated ballast tracks have been analysed by multi-beam models for the track and by a layered half-space model for the soil. The solution is calculated in frequency-wavenumber domain and transformed back to space domain by a wavenumber integral. This is a faster method compared to other detailed track-soil interaction methods and almost as fast as the widely used Winkler-soil method, especially if the compliances of the soil have been stored for repeated use. Frequency-dependent compliances and force transfer functions have been calculated for a variety of track and soil parameters. The ballast has a clear influence on the high-frequency behaviour whereas the soil is dominating the low-frequency behaviour of the track. A layering of the soil may cause a moderate track-soil resonance whereas more pronounced vehicle-track resonances occur with elastic track elements like rail pads, sleeper pads and ballast mats. Above these resonant frequencies, a reduction of the excitation forces follows as a consequence. The track deformation along the track has been analysed for the most interesting track systems. The track deformation is strongly influenced by the resonances due to layering or elastic elements. The attenuation of amplitudes and the velocity of the track-soil waves change considerably around the resonant frequencies. The track deformation due to complete trains have been calculated for different continuous and Winkler soils and compared with the measurement of a train passage showing a good agreement for the continuous soil and clear deviations for the Winkler soil model.
A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train induced ground and building vibrations. Simple models such as (1-dimensional) transfer matrices are used for the vehicle-track-soil interaction and for the building-soil interaction. The wave propagation through layered soils is approximated by a frequency-dependent homogeneous half-space. The prediction is divided into the parts “emission” (excitation by railway traffic), “transmission” (wave propagation through the soil) and “immission” (transfer into a building). The link between the modules is made by the excitation force between emission and transmission, and by the free-field vibration between transmission and immission. All formula for the simple vehicle-track, soil and building models are given in this article. The behaviour of the models is demonstrated by typical examples, that is the mitigation of train vibrations by elastic track elements, the low- and high-frequency cut-offs characteristic for layered soils, and the interacting soil, wall and floor resonances of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the results of the simple prediction models can well represent the behaviour of the more time-consuming detailed models, the finite-element boundary-element models of the track, the wavenumber integrals for the soil, and the three-dimensional finite-element models of the building. In addition, measurement examples are given for each part of the prediction confirming that the methods provide reasonable results. As the prediction models are fast in calculation, many predictions can be done, for example to assess the environmental effect along a new railway line. The simple models have the additional advantage that the user needs to know only a minimum of parameters. So, the prediction is fast and user-friendly, but also theoretically and experimentally well-founded.
This contribution intends to give an overview on the vibration behaviour of slab tracks in comparison of measurements and calculations and also by comparison of different track types at more than ten different measuring sites.
In theory, tracks on continuous soil are calculated by the frequency-wavenumber domain method. In experiment, geophone measurements are transformed to displacement results. Two aspects of track behaviour are considered, the frequency-dependant compliance of the track, measured by hammer impact, and the deflection under a passing axle load. In theory, the response to a single axle can be calculated, whereas in experiment, only the passage of the whole train can be measured. For comparison of theory and experiment, the calculated deflection under a single axle is superposed to get the response of the whole train. As a result, the slab track characteristics are completely different from the ballast track characteristics where each axle can be seen in the time histories. The slab track has a more global behaviour where only a whole bogie can be found in the track response and moreover, the two neighbouring bogies are not completely separated. The measurement of the different track elements (rail, sleeper, track plate, base layer) and the frequency-dependant compliances with possible resonances yield further information About the properties of the track elements. The calculations show that the soil has the dominant influence on the amplitudes and the width of the track-plate displacements. In the measurement results, the following
parameters are analysed: slab track vs. ballast track, different types of slab tracks, damaged slab tracks, different trains, switches at different measuring points, voided sleepers, an elastic layer, the mortar layer, and different soils at different places. Finally, a good agreement between measured and calculated results is found for the normal and some special (damaged, floating) slab tracks.
This article deals with two topics of vehicle-track-soil interaction, the mitigation of railway induced ground vibration by soft track elements, and the identification of track damage. Theoretical results have been achieved by a combined finite-element boundary-element method (FEBEM). The theoretical results are confronted with measurements at four sites. Improved mitigation effects have been found for soft rail pads under heavy sleepers. The insertion loss, however, can be too optimistic if a strong vehicle track resonance occurs for the un-isolated reference track. Two measurement sites show this strong vehicle-track resonance at about 80 Hz, which has been approximated by using the results of a wide parameter study including the rail pad, ballast, and soil stiffness, as well as the ballast model and the soil layering. – The detection of slab track damage is mainly based on the differences of the receptance or compliance functions. Theoretical results have been confirmed by measurements at one site where a loss of contact between track plate and base layer was visible. Measurements at a second site with a hidden damage have been compared with the theoretical results of a loose sleeper. The differences between intact (or repaired) and damaged tracks are strong enough to encourage the further development of this method for the identification of track damages.
The maintenance of the transport infrastructures and their further development are going to remain focal points for investment and research in Germany in future. According to the latest development forecasts made by both the federal government and Deutsche Bahn, even if rail´s percentage share of the market were to remain unchanged, growth of around 50% would be expected in the next ten years, especially in freight traffic. This growth is necessitating considerable development both in the technical design of the tracks and in the abatement of the noise and vibration caused by railway traffic.
Ground vibrations created by running high-speed trains at speeds between 100 and 320 km/h are calculated in detail using transfer functions to model the effects of the moving loads. These transfer functions for layered soils are obtained by integration in the wavenumber domain. The train-induced vibrations in a soil that is considered to consist of single layers of two slightly different soils are analysed for different excitations: for their spectra, attenuation laws and amplitude-speed relations. An important mid-frequency component is shifted through the cut-on region of the layered soil with an increase in the train speed. The cut-on frequency divides the response of the layered soil into a low-frequency low-amplitude range and a high-frequency high-amplitude range. This leads to completely different train speed dependencies for the two soil layers with strongly increasing amplitudes around the cut-on frequency and almost constant amplitudes beyond this frequency. All calculated results closely agree with ground vibration measurements at two corresponding sites, especially if the mid-frequency component is calculated by axle impulses.
The train passages over intact or damaged slab tracks on different soils have been calculated by the finite-element boundary-element or the wavenumber-domain method. The influence of track and soil parameters on the distribution of the track displacements and the soil forces has been analysed. The measured and calculated displacement time histories of train passages could be used to identify track damages such as lose sleepers or a lose track plate. The time histories and spectra of the soil forces can explain the measured ground vibration reduction of slab tracks. The calculated displacement and force distributions of slab tracks on continuous soils do not fulfil the Winkler hypothesis and Winkler models should not be used for track analysis.
Three measurement campaigns of train-induced ground vibrations are evaluated for the vehicle-track-soil interaction. Ground vibrations, track vibrations and vehicle vibrations have been measured for train passages and impulse excitation and compared with theoretical results.
The soil and the track-soil system are calculated by wavenumber integrals. The influence of the vehicle is introduced by a substructure method. By comparing theory and measurement the different components of excitation force and ground vibration can be analysed, the quasi-static excitation, track-alignment errors, the out-of-roundness of wheels, the wheel and rail roughness, and moreover, scattered axle impulses and ineffective high-frequency parts of the wheelset accelerations and forces.