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- ja (53) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Ground vibration (10)
- Track-soil interaction (5)
- Vehicle-track interaction (5)
- Layered soil (4)
- Railway track (4)
- Slab track (4)
- Train passage (4)
- Force transfer (3)
- Hammer impact (3)
- Mitigation (3)
- Railway (3)
- Axle impulses (2)
- Axle sequence (2)
- Field tests (2)
- Finite-element boundary-element method (2)
- Irregular soil (2)
- Rail roughness (2)
- Rayleigh wave (2)
- Resonance (2)
- Soil-building interaction (2)
- Static axle loads (2)
- Track vibration (2)
- Train-induced ground vibration (2)
- Vehicle–track interaction (2)
- Wavenumber integrals (2)
- Achsfolgespektren (1)
- Acoplamiento Método de los Elementos de Contorno-Método de los Elementos Finitos (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Axle box measurements (1)
- Axle-load spectra (1)
- Ballast mat (1)
- Ballast track (1)
- Base isolation (1)
- Bauteile (1)
- Bauwerke (1)
- Beam dynamics (1)
- Beam-soil interaction (1)
- Bending waves (1)
- Boundary Element Method-Finite Element Method coupling (1)
- Boundary element (1)
- Bridge (1)
- Bridge resonance (1)
- Bridge vibration (1)
- Brücken (1)
- Cancellation (1)
- Compliance function (1)
- Continuous soil (1)
- Continuously inhomogeneous soils (1)
- Dynamic axle loads (1)
- Dynamic pile and pile group stiffness (1)
- Dynamic soil-structure interaction (1)
- Elastic length (1)
- Elastic track elements (1)
- Elastische Gebäudelagerung (1)
- Emission (1)
- Environmental vibrations (1)
- Excitation forces (1)
- Experimental verification (1)
- FEBEM and simplified methods (1)
- Fequency domain (1)
- Filter effects (1)
- Finite element (1)
- Finite-element method (1)
- Flexible plate (1)
- Floating slab track (1)
- Floor amplification (1)
- Foundation reduction (1)
- Foundations (1)
- Frequency-wavenumber method (1)
- Geometric trackbed irregularities (1)
- Geometric vehicle and track irregularities (1)
- High-speed trains (1)
- Insertion loss (1)
- Interacción dinámica suelo-estructura (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interior load (1)
- Irregular ballast (1)
- Irregularities (1)
- Kinematic and inertial soil-pile-building (1)
- Laboratory tests (1)
- Layered soils (1)
- Material damping (1)
- Measured railway vibrations (1)
- Measurements (1)
- Modal analysis (1)
- Modalanalyse (1)
- Moving load (1)
- Multi-beam model (1)
- Multi-beam track model (1)
- Multi-beam-on-support model (1)
- Obstacles (1)
- Parametric excitation (1)
- Pile bending stiffness (1)
- Pile foundation (1)
- Plate-soil interaction (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictions (1)
- Quasi-static response; (1)
- Rail pad (1)
- Railway bridge (1)
- Railway forces (1)
- Railway measurement campaign (1)
- Railway track vibration (1)
- Random dynamics and vibrations (1)
- Random stiffness variation (1)
- Randomly heterogeneous soil (1)
- Rechenmodelle (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Resonancia en edificaciones (1)
- Resonant response (1)
- Scattered axle impulses (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering damping (1)
- Sleeper pad (1)
- Soil forces (1)
- Soil stiffness (1)
- Soil transfer function (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Stiffness variation (1)
- Track (1)
- Track alignment (1)
- Track deflection (1)
- Track deformation (1)
- Track displacements (1)
- Track dynamic (1)
- Track filter (1)
- Track filtering (1)
- Track-soil and vehicle-track resonances (1)
- Train induced ground vibration (1)
- Train-induced vibration (1)
- Trench (1)
- Tunnel (1)
- Tunnel-to-surface reduction (1)
- Under sleeper pads (1)
- Varying track stiffness (1)
- Vibration (1)
- Vibration isolation (1)
- Vibration reduction (1)
- Wave attenuation (1)
- Wave excitation (1)
- Wave propagation (1)
- Wavenumber domain (1)
- Wavenumber method (1)
- Wheel out-of-roundness (1)
- Wheelset (1)
- Wind energy tower (1)
- floor vibration (1)
- layered soil (1)
- modal analysis (1)
- wave analysis (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (14)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (14)
Ballast mats are an efficient measure to reduce the vibrations near railway lines. The vehicle-track system gets a low eigenfrequency due to the insertion of an elastic ballast mat under the ballast. For frequencies higher than this low vehicle-track eigenfrequency, the forces, which are generating the vibration of the soil, are considerably reduced. In this contribution, a combined finite-element boundary-matrix method is used to calculate a number of completely three-dimensional track models with and without ballast mats. The influence of the important parameters such as the stiffness of the ballast mat, the unsprung vehicle mass, the mass of the track, and the stiffness of the subsoil is investigated. The numerical results are presented as the transfer functions of the total force that is acting on the soil and generating the vibration of the environment. The effectiveness of ballast mats is achieved by division of two of these force functions. The general tendencies for this insertion loss are discussed and a comparison with measurements is given. To come to an improved practical tool for the design of ballast-mat tracks, the finite-element method results are approximated by a simple two-dimensional model of which the solution is given explicitly.
The dynamics of slab tracks and floating slab tracks are analyzed by multibeam models for the track and by integration in the wave-number domain for the soil, which is modeled as a layered half-space. Frequency-dependent compliances and force transfers are calculated for a great variety of track and soil parameters. The distribution of the load and the displacements along the track is investigated as well as the wave propagation perpendicular to the track and the ground vibration amplitudes. The floating slab track has a dominating plate-mat resonance and a strong high-frequency reduction. A track-soil resonance can also be recognized for an unisolated slab track in the case of layered soils. Generally, there is a strong damping of the track by the soil. The reduction effect of the slab mat is mainly owing to the elimination of this strong damping. The continuous soil yields slightly different rules for the displacements and force densities than those of a Winkler support. The total force transfer from the rail to the soil is the best criterion to judge the effectiveness of a floating slab track in reducing the ground vibration at some distance from the railway line. The total force transfer is easier to calculate than the double Fourier integrals of the ground vibration amplitudes, namely in the far field, and it has the best correlation with the reduction of the ground vibration.
An integral method to calculate the solution of a homogeneous or layered soil due to a harmonic point load is described. An infinite plate at the surface of the soil can be introduced in this integration in wavenumber domain, too. Finite structures on the soil are calculated by a combined finite element and boundary element method, which makes use of the point load solution of the soil. The compliance functions for a vertical point load and some vibration modes are calculated for realistic parameters of the plate and the soil and for a wide range of frequencies. The influence of the stiffness of the soil and the foundation is investigated, showing that the soil mainly affects the low-frequent response whereas the structural properties are more important at higher frequencies. A rigid approximation of flexible plates is only found at low frequencies, if the elastic length is used as the radius of a rigid disk. At higher frequencies, a characteristic behaviour of the flexible plate of approximately is observed, what is in clear contrast to the compliance of rigid foundations. A plate on a visco-elastic support (Winkler soil) shows similar displacements as a plate on a homogeneous half-space, but the maximal stresses between the plate and the soil are considerably smaller which is found to be more realistic for a plate on a layered soil. For practical applications, a normalized diagram and some explicit formulas of the exact and the approximate solutions of an infinite plate on a homogeneous half-space are given, which is a useful model to represent the soil-structure interaction of flexible foundations.
The aim of this contribution is a practice-oriented prediction of environmental building vibrations. A Green's functions method for layered soils is used to build the dynamic stiffness matrix of the soil area that is covered by the foundation. A simple building model is proposed by adding a building mass to the dynamic stiffness of the soil. The vertical soil-building transfer functions with building-soil resonances are calculated and compared with a number of measurements of technically induced vibrations of residential buildings. In a parametrical study, realistic foundation geometries are modeled and the influence of incompressible soil, deep stiff soil layering, soft top layers, and increasing soil stiffness with depth is analyzed. All these special soil models reduce the resonant frequency compared to a standard homogeneous soil. A physically motivated model of a naturally sedimented soil has a stiffness increasing with the square root of the depth and yields a foundation stiffness that decreases with foundation area considerably stronger than the relatively insensitive homogeneous soil. This soil model is suited for the Berlin measuring sites and reproduces satisfactorily the experimental results.
The dynamic behaviour of slab and ballast tracks has been investigated by measurements and calculations. Hammer impacts and train passages have been analysed. Measurements have been performed by geophones (velocity transducers) which have been time-integrated to displacements. The calculations are done in frequency-wavenumber domain for multi-beam-on-continuous soil models. The characteristics of the different tracks and track elements have been established in theory and experiment. The frequency-dependent compliances (displacement transfer functions) show clear rail-on-rail-pad resonances or highly damped track-soil resonances. Compared to the rail and sleeper, the track plate has much lower amplitudes. The slab track has usually the highest rail amplitudes due to soft rail pads. The train passage yields track displacements which are a superposition of the axle loads from the two neighbouring axles of a bogie and from the two bogies of two neighbouring carriages. This global behaviour is characteristic for the track plate of the slab track whereas the rails of the slab and the ballast track behave more local with only one bogie of influence. The measurements agree very well with the theory of the continuous soil in case of the six measured slab tracks and acceptably well for the six measured ballast tracks. The measurements allow to find appropriate model parameters and to check the models, for example the Winkler model of the soil has been found less appropriate as it reacts more locally.
Train passages induce forces on the track, train-induced vibrations propagate through the soil and excite neighbouring buildings. The emission, which is the first part of the prediction of vibrations near railway lines, is presented by focusing on the dynamic axle loads. The calculation of the axle loads is based on the vehicle-track-soil interaction. This interaction calculus utilises the dynamic stiffness of the vehicle (the inertia of the wheelset) and the dynamic stiffness of the track-soil system. Based on various time consuming finite-element boundary-element calculations, an approximate track-soil model has been established. The vehicle-track-soil analysis yields several transfer functions between the various geometric or stiffness irregularities and the axle loads of the train. Geometric irregularities of the vehicle (the wheels) and the track (rail surface and track alignment) are the simplest components. Geometric irregularities of the subsoil (trackbed irregularities) have to be transferred to effective irregularities at rail level. The bending stiffness of the track is filtering out the short-wavelength contribution. Stiffness irregularities occur due to random variations in the ballast or the subsoil, which must also be transferred to effective track irregularities, and due to the discrete rail support on sleepers. All necessary transfer functions for the prediction of axle-load spectra are presented as general formula and as specific graphs for differing vehicle and track parameters. The prediction method is applied to a ballast track and a slab track and compared with corresponding axle-box measurements. Moreover, ground vibration measurements at numerous sites are exploited for the axle-load spectra and the validation of the prediction method. All theoretical and experimental results confirm that the dynamic axle-load spectra have an approximate value of 1 kN per third of octave and increase with train speed, track stiffness and around the vehicle-track resonance.