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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Wooden artworks residing in churches for centuries inevitably suffered from decaying processes such as Wood worm infestation. About 100 years ago, this process was ceased with a polluting coal tar extract 'Carbolineum', a treatment usually applied to railway sleepers. Nowadays, this lead to undesired effects not only of causing dark stains on the surface of the treated sculptures but also in unimpaired release of traces of harmful substances into the atmosphere perceptible as the typical smell of coal tar oil. To resolve this problem, the knowledge of the internal structure could provide a support for this effort. As an example, sculptures from an epitaph in a church in northern Germany were subjected to X-ray and neutron computed tomography (CT). The purpose of using neutrons was to get information about the distribution of the impregnant Carbolineum. It consists of a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which should increase the absorption of neutrons. In contrast, X-rays are rather poorly absorbed by such substances as compared to the wood matrix. All radiographic approaches
revealed traces of previous conservation measures that were not always documented in detail. Comparing the neutron images with those from the X-ray interrogation some differences became obvious indicating varied material compositions. Nails e.g. were clearly visible in the X-ray images rather than in the neutron ones. Some less visibly stained parts of the sculptures correspond with obviously replaced materials in the inside. These results will be used to identify ways how to treat the infested artworks.
As a matter of fact, avoiding unexpected events with an undesired outcome is an element of survival strategies.
Such events are encountered unexpectedly mainly because they occur rarely. Both, safety and security measures are the main pillars to prevent them by appropriate inspections. Common tools in both areas e.g. are radiological technologies enabling an insight into objects to detect suspicious features without even touching them. Since any of these measures is linked to efforts, costs or even obstructions of ongoing processes, it needs a rationale to invest into an appropriate activity. A putative objection to take action in this direction always could be the question 'when and how often it could happen'. This gave rise to find approaches how to define 'rare events' and how to deal with them. Since they entail both, the frequency of occurrence and the unpleasantness of the possible outcome make them to have something in common with the definition of risk: a combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. Tackling putative consequences is one side of the coin whereas understanding the rareness of an event is the other, an aspect that worries but not always fully understood.
As a first step in approaching the subject 'rare events', the putative occurrence rate is considered in terms of probability distribution functions or their cumulative ones, resp. The problems of estimating an incidence of such an event will be tackled subsequently with the problem of assessing the reliability of diagnostic measures.
Any numeric approach of dealing with rare events inevitably remains an ill defined or 'ill-posed' problem that needs additional information for a reasonably satisfying solution. Ways to ease this situation can be found in utilizing additional information, also commonly called prior knowledge, that might be introduced via the Bayesian inference or by regularization algorithms. Simplified models will demonstrate how to apply such tools.
As a consequence, there are ways helping to avoid unexpected ad 'surprises' by taking adequate measures in due time upon the correct perception of certain indications.
EFNDT working group 5 'NDT technology for public security and safety', two areas with the same aim
(2014)
It is a quite common and understandable wish to make the world a safer place. This entails both freedom from danger, and thus encompasses both, safety and security. However, it is a trivial fact that public security and technical safety are commitments to distinct social entities that might be quite understandable due to the various kinds of threats. On the other hand, it is a common justifiable interest to have effective methodologies to detect them in time, i.e., before something disastrous might happen. It is rather obvious that particularly non-destructive inspection technologies, namely radiological methods, are applied in both areas. As a logical consequence, sharing the technical knowledge and experiences could be of benefit for both of them. However, the different areas of activities cleave the information exchange between them. In order to overcome this gap, the EFNDT Working Group 5 'NDT Technology for Public Security and Safety' (EFNDT WG 5) has taken an initiative to bring together actors of both areas of activities, symbolized as building a 'bridge'. The activities of the EFNDT WG 5 range from identifying features exhibiting certain threats that are detectable with available NDT technologies, adapting and improving them according to their specified applications and to search for alternative technologies or ways of applications where deemed to be applicable. Successful exchanges of information and experiences have been achieved in recent workshops, where also new ideas have been raised for future common projects. This kind of work is far from being completed; it is more or less at its beginning. In future workshops it is intended to follow up these ideas and to pave the way for future common interdisciplinary projects. Therefore, all groups involved in such projects are welcome, not only researchers and NDT-specialists, but also all endusers of the respective technologies as well as theoreticians for risk assessment, performance evaluation, modelling, statistics etc. All the addressed areas are deemed to play an important role in making the world a safer place, cooperatively.
EFNDT Working Group 5 "NDT Technology for Public Security and Safety", two areas with the same aim
(2014)
The baroque epitaph Reyer (1704) at the St. Laurentius church in Tönning was treated with carbolineum as a wood preservation agent in 1903. The subsequent constant migration of carbolineum through the layers of paint to the surface has had a detrimental effect on the aesthetic appearance of the epitaph. Carbolineum is an oily, water-insoluble, flammable, dark brown mixture of coal tar oil components. Due to its content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are classified as carcinogenic and harmful to the environment, the use of carbolineum has been forbidden. The aim of the project is to develop an exemplary Conservation treatment (hat will reduce the toxic contents of the historical wooden object. The new method should be applicable to similar objects that are also contaminated with carbolineum. The historic carbolineum was identified by the GC-MS method and the X-Ray computed tomography revealed the biological wood damage and previous restoration measures. Several decontamination methods such as the extraction with supercritical C02, with dichloromethane vapour/fluids, with 1,3-dioxolane or with petrol ether by vaccum impregnation were investigated. This project is founded by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU).