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In accident scenarios of transport packages or hypothetical crashes of containers in a storage facility or repository, the materials resistance against dynamic failure of the involved components is a deciding factor for package and container integrity during the handling, transport and storage for each type of radioactive material. For example, different dynamic impact tests on containers and components like lid sealing systems and specimens made of ductile cast iron and shock-absorbing materials are carried out by BAM. In order to perform dynamic impact tests with packages and its parts BAM operates two free-fall drop test facilities with maximum capacities of 200 t and 55 t, and a test bench for guided drop tests. This latter drop test machine enables a clearly specified component loading by a precisely positioned test object or drop weight and has been used recently for numerous investigations. The paper gives an overview of the wide range of experimental testing methods carried out within guided Impact and bending tests. Examples of methodological challenges are presented, especially such experimental analysis of dynamic impact conditions. In addition to known applied methods of dynamic, non-contact displacement measurements like high-speed 3-D surface deformation a recently patented 2-D tracking method is presented. By means of in-situ determination of fracture parameters with relevance to the materials stress intensity factor, the method has been successfully applied for a typical specimen geometry. Also shown are the possibility of detecting in-situ He-leakage rates on laterally impact loaded lid sealing systems as well as a method of acceleration sensor-temperature control under test conditions in the low temperature range.
Leakage testing during lateral displacement of metallic seals under mechanical accident impact
(2013)
Modern structural integrity assessment procedures in the field of nuclear related technology incorporate fracture
mechanical concepts. Therefore, they inevitably require the availability of both, loading parameters as well as material
characteristics in terms of fracture mechanical quantities. Especially in case of dynamic loading conditions, the methods
for the determination of the loading parameters need further improvement and there is a lack of material characteristics
as well. In Germany, ductile cast iron (DCI) is used for heavy-sectioned casks for radioactive materials. New developments
in cask design and efforts to extend the application limits require further investigations. The present study is part
of an ongoing fracture mechanics research programme of BAM which is focused on the systematic mechanical and
fracture mechanical material characterisation of DCI materials under dynamic loading conditions. In this study, results
of fracture mechanics investigations on ductile cast iron from an original DCI container with a wide variety of microstructure
under dynamic loading conditions in the temperature range from -50 °C to +22 °C are presented. Large scale
as well as small scale single edge crack bend specimens SE(B) with thicknesses of 140 mm and 15 mm, respectively
were tested. Furthermore, it is reported on the results of a finite element simulation of the dynamic large scale fracture
mechanics tests. Strength and deformation characteristics were determined in dynamic tensile tests. They are discussed
with respect to the influence of pearlite content and test temperature. The material specific experimental difficulties in
the determination of reliable dynamic crack initiation toughness values of DCI are outlined.
The combination of tomographic, microstructural data with other experimental techniques and with modeling is paramount, if we want to extract the maximum amount of information on material and component properties. In particular, quantitative image analysis, statistical approaches, direct discretization of tomographic reconstructions represent concrete possibilities to extend the power of the tomographic 3D representation to insights into the material and component performance. This logic thread holds equally for industrial and academic research, and valorizes expensive experiments such as those carried out at synchrotron sources, which cannot be daily repeated. We shall show a few examples of possible use of X-ray tomographic data for quantitative assessment of damage evolution and microstructural properties, as well as for non-destructive testing. We will also show how X-ray refraction computed tomography (CT) can be highly complementary to classic absorption CT, being sensitive to internal interfaces.
Bikontinuierliche poröse Keramiken für Filteranwendungen weisen eine komplizierte Mikrostruktur auf, in der Poren und Festkörperphase 'vermischt' sind. Mechanische, thermische sowie Filtereigenschaften können nur präzise bestimmt werden, wenn die Morphologie beider Phasen quantitativ angegeben werden kann. Hier werden unter Anwendung von 3D Computertomographie (CT) und verschiedenen Techniken, die auf der Röntgenrefraktion basieren, die Porosität und die Porenorientierung in keramischen Cordierit-Dieselpartikelfiltern bewertet. Dabei werden zur Auswertung der Tomogramme die Fouriertransformierten sowie eine neu entwickelte richtungssensitive Bildanalyse (DIVA, directional interface variance analysis) angewandt. Sowohl die genannten Messtechniken als auch der statistische Ansatz gestatten die Extraktion optional ortsaufgelöster oder gemittelter Werte. Es ergeben sich sehr gute Übereinstimmungen der experimentell ermittelten Porositätswerte mit Ergebnissen aus Quecksilberintrusionsversuchen als auch der ermittelten Porenorientierung im Vergleich zu publizierten Angaben zur kristallographischen Textur. Dies legt den Schluss nahe, dass die Kenntnis der Grenzflächen (zwischen Poren und Materie) genügt, die morphologischen Eigenschaften solcher Materialien hinreichend zu beschreiben.
Drop and fire testing of spent fuel and HLW transport casks at 'BAM test site technical safety'
(2011)
BAM, as a competent German government institute for the mechanical and thermal testing of radioactive material transport and storage containers, operates unique drop and fire test facilities for experimental investigations on the open air BAM Test Site Technical Safety. To be able to perform even drop tests with full scale spent fuel or HAW casks (i.e. the German CASTOR cask designs), BAM constructed in 2004 a large drop test facility capable to handle 200 ton test objects, and to drop them onto a steel plate covered unyielding target with a mass of nearly 2600 ton. Drop test campaigns of the 181 ton GNS CONSTOR V/TC, the 129 ton MHI MSF-69BG and a 1:2 scale model of the GNS CASTOR HAW28M (CASTOR HAW/TB2) have been performed since then. The experimental BAM drop testing activities can be supported also by drop testing of smaller packages (up to 2 ton) in an in-house test facility and by dynamic, guided impact testing of package components and material specimen inside a new drop test machine. In May 2008, a new modern fire test facility was put into operation. The facility provides two test stands fired with liquid propane. Testing in every case has to be completed by computational investigations, where BAM operates appropriate finite element modelling on appropriate computer codes, e.g. ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, ANSYS and other analytical tools.
Test installations for the examination of CASTOR casks at the BAM test centre technical safety
(2008)
BAM as competent German government institute for the mechanical and thermal testing of radioactive material transport and storage containers, operates unique drop and fire test facilities for experimental investigations on an open-air Test Centre Technical Safety.
To be able to perform even drop tests with full-scale spent fuel or HAW casks (i. e. the German CASTOR cask designs; CASTOR in the meantime in synonym for all other spent fuel cask designs) BAM constructed in 2004 a large drop test facility capable to handle 200 tons test objects, and to drop them onto a steel plate covered unyielding target with a mass of nearly 2600 tons. Drop testing of the 181 ton CONSTOR V/TC, the 127 ton MHI-MSF 69BG, a 1:2 scale model (CASTOR HAW TB2) and of cubic containers for radioactive waste disposal will briefly be presented. The experimental BAM drop testing activities can be supported also by drop testing of smaller packages (up to 2 tons) in an in-house test facility, and by dynamic, guided impact testing inside a new drop test machine. In May 2008 a new modern fire test facility was put into operation. The facility provides two test stands fired with liquid Propane. Testing in every case has to be completed by calculational investigations where BAM operates appropriate computer codes, e. g. ABAQUS, LS-Dyna, ANSYS and other analytical tools.