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Diese Untersuchungen erfordern die Zusammenarbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern, Denkmalpflegern und Werkstätten. In einem vierjährigen Verbundprojekt wurden alle praxisrelevanten Probleme bearbeitet. Die BAM durchgeführten Untersuchungen betrafen sowohl die Materialcharakterisierung, Schadensanalyse und Ursachenforschung als auch die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Konservierung und Restaurierung.
Cleaning - A balancing act
(2006)
This text originally appeared as chapter 5, 'Reinigung - Eine Gratwanderung' (pp. 101-28) in A. Wolff (ed.), Restaurierung und Konservierung historischer Glasmalereien, Mainz, 2000.
Within the context of this research programme, scientists and conservators collaborated to assess various cleaning methods for historical stained glass. For cleaning glass surfaces there are the mechanical methods already being applied in most workshops, as well as the new chemical cleaning possibilities. Laboratory experiments were conducted initially on model glass in order to test the effectiveness and damage potential of these various methods; the model glass was examined both before and after cleaning by means of light microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy. In addition to this, cleaning tests were carried out on samples of original glass; electron-ray micro-analysis was also used to evaluate the results of these tests. The model-glass samples were corroded in advance by accelerated weathering in an attempt to simulate the damage seen on medieval glass. Enough model glass was prepared to allow any number of series of experiments to be carried out, in order to compare the effectiveness and suitability of the various chemical and mechanical methods and techniques.
For the mechanical cleaning tests, a wide range of selected tools was tested by different conservators on pre-corroded model glass. This showed clearly that the success (or lack of it) of a cleaning episode was determined not just the choice of tool, but by the skill with which conservator wielded it. This observation was later confirmed by research on samples of original glass. Insensitive handling of tools or unsuitable tools could damage or completely destroy the gel layer. The gel layer should not be damaged, as this leads to increased levels of corrosion subsequently, though the encrustations should be reduced, as their hygroscopic qualities accelerate the corrosion processes.
At the next stage, chemical cleaning methods were tested, and the results of cleaning with organic solvents (toluene, ethanol, acetone, etc.) and water-based solutions (oxalic acids, EDTA, ammoniac, etc.) compared with one another and evaluated. It became clear that strongly acidic and alkaline solutions, depending on the condition of the surface, could cause damage or have uncontrollable consequences.
In the specific case of the glass from Erfurt Cathedral, for whose firmly fixed, very hard, opaque encrustations mechanical methods proved to be either ineffective or damaging to the glass, new chemical cleaning possibilities had to be found. Following comprehensive preliminary tests on model glass, various types of ion-exchanger and ammonium-carbonate solution were chosen. Both methods were successful in improving the transparency of some (but not all) of the samples.
The experiments with the original material from Erfurt Cathedral clearly showed that successful cleaning was dependent on the particular composition of the encrustation. Really gentle cleaning can be achieved by chemical means, though only when the chemical agents are tailored to individual damage situations; this can only be achieved when scientific analysis is undertaken in tandem with the cleaning processes.
The assessment of these mechanical and chemical cleaning methods was oriented towards treating corrosion on sensitive medieval glass. Nineteenth-century glass is generally less sensitive, though cleaning of this material must also be careful and very gentle. Scientific analysis alone is not enough to determine the choice of cleaning method, but can act as an aid to the conservator in selecting the right cleaning agent and method.
Aufgrund der großen Massenströme ist das Recycling von Baurestmassen von besonderer Bedeutung
für die Schonung von natürlichen Ressourcen. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für ein hochwertiges
Recycling, wie z.B. eine Wiederverwertung von aufbereitetem Bauschutt/Altbeton als rezyklierte
Gesteinskörnung im Hochbau, ist die Einhaltung von Grenzwerten für Stör- und Schadstoffe. Dabei
steht der Sulfatgehalt im Eluat von Bauschutt besonders im Fokus. In der vorliegenden Studie wird
untersucht, wie durch die Optimierung von Abbrucharbeiten und Bauschuttaufbereitung hochwertige
Gesteinskörnungen aus Altbeton gewonnen werden können. Anhand von Literatur- und
Datenrecherchen werden zunächst Sulfatquellen in Gebäuden sowie verfügbare Abbruch- und
Aufbereitungstechniken zusammengestellt. Am Beispiel von unterschiedlichen Gebäudetypen werden
Szenarien für selektiven und nicht selektiven Abbruch (Schwerpunkt: Sulfatentfachtung) in Hinblick auf
ihre Umweltwirkungen ökobilanziell bewertet. Ergänzt werden diese Bewertungen durch
Untersuchungen an realen Bauschuttmaterialien und Abbruchprojekten. Auf dieser Basis werden
Handlungsempfehlungen für die Gewinnung von hochwertigen RC-Gesteinskörnungen erarbeitet und
diskutiert.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Due to the large-scale mass flow of construction and demolition wastes, the recycling of those
residues is of particular importance for the conservation of natural resources. An important
requirement for recycling on a high level, like the reuse of crushed concrete as recycled concrete
aggregate, is the observation of limits for hazardous substances and impurities. This study is focusing
on the reduction of sulphates in the eluate of crushed concrete. An investigation of possibilities to
optimize demolition and dismantling as well as treatment of crushed concrete with the objective of
gaining recycled concrete aggregates of high quality. Based on a literature research and a data review
the origins of sulfates in buildings and also the availability of techniques for demolition and treatment
of crushed concrete are listed and evaluated. Using the examples of different building types scenarios
for selective dismantling and non-selective demolition (focused on reducing suphates) are evaluated in
terms of affecting the environment. In addition samples from real demolition construction sites and
plants for treatment of construction rubble were investigated. Based on these results
recommendations for the production of high quality recycled concrete aggregates are worked out.