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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Aufgrund der großen Massenströme ist das Recycling von Baurestmassen von besonderer Bedeutung
für die Schonung von natürlichen Ressourcen. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für ein hochwertiges
Recycling, wie z.B. eine Wiederverwertung von aufbereitetem Bauschutt/Altbeton als rezyklierte
Gesteinskörnung im Hochbau, ist die Einhaltung von Grenzwerten für Stör- und Schadstoffe. Dabei
steht der Sulfatgehalt im Eluat von Bauschutt besonders im Fokus. In der vorliegenden Studie wird
untersucht, wie durch die Optimierung von Abbrucharbeiten und Bauschuttaufbereitung hochwertige
Gesteinskörnungen aus Altbeton gewonnen werden können. Anhand von Literatur- und
Datenrecherchen werden zunächst Sulfatquellen in Gebäuden sowie verfügbare Abbruch- und
Aufbereitungstechniken zusammengestellt. Am Beispiel von unterschiedlichen Gebäudetypen werden
Szenarien für selektiven und nicht selektiven Abbruch (Schwerpunkt: Sulfatentfachtung) in Hinblick auf
ihre Umweltwirkungen ökobilanziell bewertet. Ergänzt werden diese Bewertungen durch
Untersuchungen an realen Bauschuttmaterialien und Abbruchprojekten. Auf dieser Basis werden
Handlungsempfehlungen für die Gewinnung von hochwertigen RC-Gesteinskörnungen erarbeitet und
diskutiert.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Due to the large-scale mass flow of construction and demolition wastes, the recycling of those
residues is of particular importance for the conservation of natural resources. An important
requirement for recycling on a high level, like the reuse of crushed concrete as recycled concrete
aggregate, is the observation of limits for hazardous substances and impurities. This study is focusing
on the reduction of sulphates in the eluate of crushed concrete. An investigation of possibilities to
optimize demolition and dismantling as well as treatment of crushed concrete with the objective of
gaining recycled concrete aggregates of high quality. Based on a literature research and a data review
the origins of sulfates in buildings and also the availability of techniques for demolition and treatment
of crushed concrete are listed and evaluated. Using the examples of different building types scenarios
for selective dismantling and non-selective demolition (focused on reducing suphates) are evaluated in
terms of affecting the environment. In addition samples from real demolition construction sites and
plants for treatment of construction rubble were investigated. Based on these results
recommendations for the production of high quality recycled concrete aggregates are worked out.
Due to the great quantities of construction and demolition waste in Europe, the reuse of building material waste as secondary raw materials is of particular importance. A recycling of building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several aspects: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and the related protection of natural resources as well as the saving of landfill sites. In recent years sulphates originating from gypsum in secondary building materials, made of construction and demolition waste, received growing attention. Sulphates are unwanted in secondary building materials for concrete production as well as for other use e.g. in unbounded layers. The content of gypsum resp. sulphates in secondary aggregates can be reduced by different methods. Depending on the type of material different steps for selective dismantling can be used to separate gypsum containing residues from concrete rubble. Furthermore some steps for the processing of building rubble are suitable for the reduction of sulphates in the produced aggregates. An environmental evaluation of different ways for the production of recycled concrete aggregates was performed with regard to a reduction of sulphates in the secondary building material. The use of techniques for selective dismantling was environmentally advantegous for the deconstruction of three investigated model houses.
Gypsum is widely used in the construction sector and its worldwide consumption has been increasing for several decades. Depending on the life-time of the used gypsum products, an increase of gypsum in construction and demolition waste follows. Especially against the background of a circular economy, the recycling of waste gypsum is of growing importance. However, the use of recycled gypsum makes only sense if it is environmentally friendly. Therefore, an evaluation of the environmental impacts of an industrial-scale processing for the recycling of post-consumer gypsum waste was conducted. The evaluation was performed with an established life cycle assessment software. Original data provided by industry and complementary data from a database for life cycle assessments were used for the calculations. Two scenarios for recycled gypsum with different transportation distances were calculated. These results are compared with results of the environmental evaluation of gypsum derived from coal-fired power plants (FGD gypsum) and natural gypsum. The results show that utilization of recycled gypsum can be environmentally advantageous compared to the use of natural gypsum or FGD gypsum, especially in the impact categories land transformation and resource consumption (abiotic depletion potential). For most environmental impact categories the specific transportation distances have a strong influence.
Die Qualität von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen muss nicht nur bautechnischen Anforderungen und rechtlich verbindlichen Umweltstandards genügen, sondern ihr Einsatz in der Betonherstellung wird auch vor dem Hintergrund der Leitlinien der Nachhaltigkeit bewertet. Für die Gewinnung von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen bedeutet dies, dass sowohl bei den Abbrucharbeiten als auch bei der Bauschuttaufbereitung darauf geachtet werden muss, dass die gewählten Verfahren nicht nur ökonomischen Kriterien genügen müssen, sondern auch keine nachteiligen ökologischen oder sozialen Auswirkungen haben dürfen.
In verschiedenen Forschungsprojekten konnte durch ökobilanzielle Bewertungen von einzelnen Verfahren und Verfahrensabläufen gezeigt werden, dass rezyklierte Gesteinskörnungen aus Altbeton unter bestimmten Rahmenbedingungen umweltverträglich gewonnen werden können und ihre Nutzung durch die Substitution von Natursteinkörnungen sowohl zur Schonung von natürlichen Ressourcen als auch zu einer Reduzierung von Umweltbelastungen beitragen kann.
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials and, accordingly, the concrete industry is an important stakeholder in the field of sustainable construction. Therefore various approaches have been implemented to increase the sustainability of concrete. Besides reducing CO2-emissions during cement production, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and extending their life span, the end-of-life performance of concrete is also an essential aspect of sustainability. Reusing concrete as a secondary building material meets the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the protection of natural resources as well as conserving landfill site. Furthermore, the production of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is a good example for closed-loop recycling.
However, regarding the use of RCA as a substitute for natural aggregates in concrete, attention must be paid to all issues of sustainability: this means that environmental, economic and social aspects have to be considered. Since RCA generally have inferior building material properties, such as higher porosity and lower density, the implementation of closed-loop recycling of concrete only makes sense if the technical quality assurance is secured. This paper focusses on the implementation of techniques for the deconstruction/demolition of buildings and the subsequent treatment of concrete rubble in order to improve the building material properties of RCA with regard to the requirements of sustainability and also technical rules and standards.
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials and, accordingly, the concrete industry is an important stakeholder in the field of sustainable construction. Therefore various approaches have been implemented to increase the sustainability of concrete. Besides reducing CO2-emissions during cement production, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and extending their life span, the end-of-life performance of concrete is also an essential aspect of sustainability. Reusing concrete as a secondary building material meets the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the protection of natural resources as well as conserving landfill site. Furthermore, the production of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is a good example for closed-loop recycling.
However, regarding the use of RCA as a substitute for natural aggregates in concrete, attention must be paid to all issues of sustainability: this means that environmental, economic and social aspects have to be considered. Since RCA generally have inferior building material properties, such as higher porosity and lower density, the implementation of closed-loop recycling of concrete only makes sense if the technical quality assurance is secured. This paper focusses on the implementation of techniques for the deconstruction/demolition of buildings and the subsequent treatment of concrete rubble in order to improve the building material properties of RCA with regard to the requirements of sustainability and also technical rules and standards.
Due to the large quantities of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in Europe, its reuse or recycling is of particular importance. Although several countries already recycle high amounts of CDW, the use as secondary raw materials is often limited by inferior building material properties. Specific characteristics, like high porosity and low density are caused by hardened cement paste in crushed concrete and the content of mortar and plaster in brick debris. Impurities like wood or gypsum and also harmful substances like organic pollutants may be a major problem for a reuse and should be minimized. Therefore unwanted materials and impairing substances have to be separated from the secondary building material stream. This can be done during the demolition process by using techniques for selective dismantling or during the subsequent treatment of the resulting rubble. Since almost all processing steps are associated with environmental impacts, the benefits of saving natural resources by applying secondary building materials should be weighed carefully. An environmental performance evaluation was undertaken to assess different techniques for reducing gypsum in recycled concrete aggregates, aiming at a minimization of elutable sulfates. These results were compared to the environmental impacts of the extraction of natural aggregates for concrete.
In dem Projekt sollten die Aufbereitung der Betonbrechsandfraktion aus Bauschutt mittels eines Nassverfahrens zu einer geeigneten Gesteinskörnung für die Betonherstellung sowie die vollständige Verwertung der bei diesem Verfahren anfallenden Reststoffe demonstriert werden.
Der im Rahmen der geordneten Vorsortierung mit zahlreichen Schritten zur Qualitätssicherung hergestellte Betonbrechsand war qualitativ hochwertig und wies nur geringe Schadstoffgehalte auf. Für die Nassaufbereitung des Betonbrechsands wurde vom Projektpartner Allmineral der Prototyp einer Sandsetzmaschine zur Dichtetrennung designt und konstruiert. Diese Sandsetzmaschine wurde für die umfangreichen Betonbrechsandversuche in die Aufbereitungsanlage der BAM integriert. Begleitend zur Aufbereitung wurden die eingesetzten Materialien, Bauschutt und Prozesswasser, sowie die Austragsprodukte chemisch-physikalisch und mineralogisch untersucht.
Die anschließenden Baustoffuntersuchungen zeigten, dass durch das im Demonstrationsprojekt angewandte Nassaufbereitungsverfahren eine deutliche Verbesserung der Materialeigenschaften des Betonbrechsandes erzielt werden konnte. Die Qualität von Natursteinkörnungen wurde (z.B. aufgrund von Kornschädigungen durch den Bruch des Altbetons und noch verbleibende Zementanhaftungen) gleichwohl nicht erreicht. Gerade die Betonprüfungen (mit Anteilen von bis zu 50% Betonbrechsand an der gesamten Gesteinskörnung) haben jedoch gezeigt, dass es dennoch sehr wohl möglich wäre, größere Mengen von aufbereitetem Betonbrechsand in der Betonherstellung zu verwerten und so im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit den Verbrauch von natürlichen Sandvorkommen zu reduzieren.
Die bei der Nassaufbereitung des Betonbrechsands anfallenden Restsstoffe, nämlich die Fraktionen Leichtgut und Feinstfraktion wurden separat erfasst und bilanziert. Diese Materialien wurden auf die Eignung als Kompostzugabe in Hinblick auf Schadstoffanreicherungen und Pflanzenverträglichkeit untersucht (Projektpartner Deisl). Nach der Kompostierung in Rotteboxen wurden Wachstumsversuche mit dem Referenzgewächs Kresse (Kressetest nach ÖNORM) mit zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen durchgeführt. Die Reststoffe Feinstgut und Leichtgut aus dem Nassaufbereitungsprozess könnten – sofern die Schadstoffgehalte nachweislich unter den vorgegebenen Grenzwerten liegen – als Zugabe zur Vererdung in der Kompostierung eingesetzt werden.
Advantages of recycling gypsum plaster boards
During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites.
Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted.
This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process.
During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites.
Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted.
This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process.
Dürfen Glasmalereien des 19. Jahrhunderts bei der Restaurierung einem Neubrand unterzogen werden?
(2001)
Materialanalysen
(2004)
Die Bestimmung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Glasproben, insbesondere von historischen Glasmalereien, gehört seit mehr als 20 Jahren zu den Standardverfahren in der Arbeitsgruppe 4.21 »Umwelteinflüsse und Schädigungsmechanismen« der BAM.
Während in den 1990er Jahren eine Elektronenstrahlmikrosonde für diese Analysen zur Verfügung stand, werden seit etwa zehn Jahren solche Untersuchungen mit einem Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) durchgeführt.
Cleaning - A balancing act
(2006)
This text originally appeared as chapter 5, 'Reinigung - Eine Gratwanderung' (pp. 101-28) in A. Wolff (ed.), Restaurierung und Konservierung historischer Glasmalereien, Mainz, 2000.
Within the context of this research programme, scientists and conservators collaborated to assess various cleaning methods for historical stained glass. For cleaning glass surfaces there are the mechanical methods already being applied in most workshops, as well as the new chemical cleaning possibilities. Laboratory experiments were conducted initially on model glass in order to test the effectiveness and damage potential of these various methods; the model glass was examined both before and after cleaning by means of light microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy. In addition to this, cleaning tests were carried out on samples of original glass; electron-ray micro-analysis was also used to evaluate the results of these tests. The model-glass samples were corroded in advance by accelerated weathering in an attempt to simulate the damage seen on medieval glass. Enough model glass was prepared to allow any number of series of experiments to be carried out, in order to compare the effectiveness and suitability of the various chemical and mechanical methods and techniques.
For the mechanical cleaning tests, a wide range of selected tools was tested by different conservators on pre-corroded model glass. This showed clearly that the success (or lack of it) of a cleaning episode was determined not just the choice of tool, but by the skill with which conservator wielded it. This observation was later confirmed by research on samples of original glass. Insensitive handling of tools or unsuitable tools could damage or completely destroy the gel layer. The gel layer should not be damaged, as this leads to increased levels of corrosion subsequently, though the encrustations should be reduced, as their hygroscopic qualities accelerate the corrosion processes.
At the next stage, chemical cleaning methods were tested, and the results of cleaning with organic solvents (toluene, ethanol, acetone, etc.) and water-based solutions (oxalic acids, EDTA, ammoniac, etc.) compared with one another and evaluated. It became clear that strongly acidic and alkaline solutions, depending on the condition of the surface, could cause damage or have uncontrollable consequences.
In the specific case of the glass from Erfurt Cathedral, for whose firmly fixed, very hard, opaque encrustations mechanical methods proved to be either ineffective or damaging to the glass, new chemical cleaning possibilities had to be found. Following comprehensive preliminary tests on model glass, various types of ion-exchanger and ammonium-carbonate solution were chosen. Both methods were successful in improving the transparency of some (but not all) of the samples.
The experiments with the original material from Erfurt Cathedral clearly showed that successful cleaning was dependent on the particular composition of the encrustation. Really gentle cleaning can be achieved by chemical means, though only when the chemical agents are tailored to individual damage situations; this can only be achieved when scientific analysis is undertaken in tandem with the cleaning processes.
The assessment of these mechanical and chemical cleaning methods was oriented towards treating corrosion on sensitive medieval glass. Nineteenth-century glass is generally less sensitive, though cleaning of this material must also be careful and very gentle. Scientific analysis alone is not enough to determine the choice of cleaning method, but can act as an aid to the conservator in selecting the right cleaning agent and method.
New horizons of the structural characterization of stainless steel slags by X-ray powder diffraction
(2007)
Diese Untersuchungen erfordern die Zusammenarbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern, Denkmalpflegern und Werkstätten. In einem vierjährigen Verbundprojekt wurden alle praxisrelevanten Probleme bearbeitet. Die BAM durchgeführten Untersuchungen betrafen sowohl die Materialcharakterisierung, Schadensanalyse und Ursachenforschung als auch die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Konservierung und Restaurierung.
Stained glass is a particularly sensitive medium that in many churches has stillnot received sufficient protection against destructive influences of many andvarious kinds. Over long periods of time, nearly all materials are subject tochemical and physical change. The dramatic scale on which the processes of decayoften occur results from the influence of corrosive gases that are part of themix of today’s atmosphere. A basic requirement in the preservation of anyhistorical monument is therefore interdisciplinary collaboration; only the jointefforts of art historians, restorers and technicians, as well as scientists,offer a chance to protect our artistic and cultural heritage from decline.
Measures to protect, conserve and restore stained glass are carried out by glassstudios. The project on which this chapter reports provides support for thispractical work through scientific back-up. In order to clarify what are verycomplex issues, a brief explanation of the scientific/technical context followshere, to preface the exposition of the basic questions posed.
Zur Alterung von Smalten - Materialuntersuchungen bei der Restaurierung eines Gründerzeit-Mosaiks
(2001)
Das Mosaik "Muse der Kunst" war in Berlin-Mitte mehrere Jahrzehnte hinter einer Vermauerung verborgen, bevor es nun wiederentdeckt und restauriert wurde. Die Smalten zeigten zum Teil Risse, Verkrustungen und Farbveränderungen in Folge von Alterungsprozessen der historischen Materialien. Einzelne Deckgläser von Goldsmalten waren abgesprengt.
Die Zementindustrie erzeugt etwa 6-7% der globalen CO2-Emissionen und steht damit als Industriezweig vor dem Hintergrund einer anvisierten Klimaneutralität vor gewaltigen Herausforderungen. Der Prozess der Klinkerherstellung wurde über die vergangenen Jahrzehnte bereits kontinuierlich optimiert. Seit 1990 ist es der deutschen Zementindustrie gelungen, die spezifischen CO2-Emissionen der Zementproduktion u. a. durch den Einsatz alternativer, nicht fossiler Brennstoffe und durch Absenkung des Klinkergehalts im Zement um 20 % zu senken. Weitere konventionelle Minderungsstrategien versprechen jedoch nur noch wenig zusätzliche Reduktion. Im Falle des Portlandklinkers besteht die Schwierigkeit darin, dass zwei Drittel der CO2-Emissionen rohstoffbedingt durch die Entsäuerung des Kalksteins (CaCO3) anfallen, die durch die beschriebenen Maßnahmen nicht weiter abgesenkt werden können. Vielmehr wird es erforderlich sein, noch zu entwickelnde oder zu optimierende Technologien anzuwenden und ggf. alle relevanten Ebenen wie Produktion, Weiterverarbeitung und Anwendung von Zement und Beton neu zu denken. Neben technologischen Ansätzen zur CO2-Abscheidung mit nachfolgender langfristiger Speicherung (Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS) oder Verwertung (Carbon Capture and Utilisation – CCU) werden auch alternative Rohstoffe für die Zementproduktion und alternative Bindemittel in Betracht zu ziehen sein.