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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Micrometric surface topologies are required for a wide range of technical applications.
While lowered surface features have been used for many years to improve the tribological behavior of contacting surfaces, there are also other fields of application, where the potential of elevated surface features is known, e. g. for metal forming tools. However, the demand for a high wear resistance of these structures often inhibits an industrial application. A solution is offered by structuring techniques that use additional material. A promising approach is the localized dispersing of hard ceramic particles by pulsed laser radiation, the so-called laser implantation. This paper describes the potential to adjust the geometry as well as the mechanical properties of laser implanted surfaces by means of microstructural and topological investigations. Afterwards, results of a wear test are given and different applications for this structuring technique are discussed. It can be shown that dome-shaped or ring-shaped structures on a micrometric scale can be produced with high hardness and wear resistance.
Das bislang zur Vermeidung unzulässiger Wurzelüberhöhungen beim Laserstrahlschweißen von Aluminiumlegierungen bzw. austenitischem Stahl eingesetzte Verfahren der elektromagnetischen Schmelzbadstütze konnte innerhalb der vorliegenden Untersuchung erfolgreich zur Kompensation des hydrostatischen Druckes von ferromagnetischen Stählen übertragen werden. Es wurden dabei Laserstrahlschweißversuche in PA-Position an bis zu 20 mm dickem Duplexstahl 1.4462 sowie Baustahl S235JR durchgeführt. Unter konstanten Schweißparametern wurden Durchschweißungen generiert. Dem hydrostatischen Druck wurde unter Verwendung der Technologie zur elektromagnetischen Schmelzbadunterstützung durch Variation der Oszillationsfrequenz und der AC-Leistung des Magnetsystems entgegengewirkt.
Zunächst konzentrierten sich die Versuche auf den Duplexstahl 1.4462, welcher jeweils aus 50 % Ferrit und Austenit besteht. Hierbei konnte festgestellt werden, dass zur idealen Kompensation von 15 mm bei einer Frequenz von 1,7 kHz eine AC-Leistung von 1,6 kW erforderlich ist, die Schweißnähte aber bereits bei einer AC-Leistung von ca. 0,8 kW in die Bewertungsgruppe B der DIN EN ISO 13919-1:1996-09 eingeordent werden können. Zur idealen Kompensation des hydrostatischen Druckes bei 20 mm dickem Duplexstahl war eine um 20 % höhere AC-Leistung notwendig. Im Anschluss an die Versuche mit dem Duplexstahl wurden die Untersuchungen auf bis zu 20 mm dicke Proben aus Baustahl S235JR erweitert. Für 15 mm konnten die Schweißnähte bei einer Frequenz von 1,7 kHz ab einer AC-Leistung von 1,3 kW in die Bewertungsgruppe B eingeordnet werden. Zur idealen Kompensation von 20 mm dickem Baustahl war eine AC-Leistung von 1,6 kW bei einer Frequenz von 636 Hz nötig. Mit steigender AC-Leistung konnte in allen Versuchsreihen eine sukzessive Verringerung
der Wurzelüberhöhung demonstriert werden.
The additive manufacturing technology of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) experiences a rapid development within an increasing marked of quite different application fields. The properties of SLM materials and structures are influenced by a number of tech-nological parameters such as the metal powder (particle size, homogeneity, cleanliness), the laser tool (power, beam diameter, pulse lengths), the scanning operation (speed, sequence and orientation of melting paths), parameters of the over-all equipment (design and preheating of the base plate, currents and turbulence in the protective gas atmosphere) and, last not least, the hatching strategy including the build-up direction of the structure with respect to the loading direction of the component.
For the perspective use of SLM structures as load carrying, safety-relevant components the knowledge of their mechanical properties is necessary. It is essential to understand these in the context of the manufacturing-related features and at the back-ground of the basic characteristics of metallic materials: crystal lattice, microstructure and material defects. The paper provides an overview on factors which affect the mechanical parameters stiffness, strength, ductility, toughness, fatigue crack propagation and fatigue strength in the context of selective laser melting.
Laser metal deposition (LMD) has been applied as a coating technology for many years. Today, the technologies capacity to produce 3D depositions leads to a new field of application as additive manufacturing method. In this paper, 3D laser metal deposition of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is studied with special regard to the demands of additive manufacturing. Therefore, only the coaxial LMD powder nozzle is used to create the shielding gas atmosphere, which ensures high geometric flexibility. Furthermore, specimen with high aspect ratio and hundreds of layers are manufactured, which represent typical features in additive manufacturing. The presented study contains the following steps: First, cylindrical specimens are manufactured with a standard shell-core build-up strategy and mechanical properties as well as fracture mechanisms are determined. Based on the results, experiments are conducted to improve the build-up strategy and new tensile test specimens are built with the improved strategy. The improved strategy incorporates variable track overlap ratios to achieve a constant growth in the shell and core area. As blanks, lean cylinders comprising more than 240 layers and a height of more than 120mm are manufactured. The specimens are analyzed by X-ray inspection for material defects. Fractured surfaces are observed via scanning electron microscopy and the composition of the surfaces is determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The tensile test results prove mechanical properties close to ASTM F1108 specification for wrought material.
Over the last years, the weight of modern car bodies has risen significantly due to the increasing customers’ demand for comfort and safety equipment. However, this ongoing trend leads to an increasing fuel consumption and thus to higher carbon dioxide emissions. In order to counteract these problems, hot stamping has been established in the automotive industry as a key technolo-gy for lightweight construction, regarding the manufacturing of safety-relevant car body compo-nents. Hot stamped parts are commonly made out of boron-manganese steel 22MnB5, which is initially austenized and subsequently formed and quenched in one process step. As a result, geo-metrical complex structures with an ultimate tensile strength of 1500 MPa are generated. The surfaces of the workpieces are coated with an Al-Si layer to avoid oxide scale formation and to ensure corrosion protection. However, the coating system leads to an increased adhesive wear on the tool surface due to the high thermo-mechanical tool stresses. Therefore, a time and cost con-suming rework of the hot stamping tools is required. The aim of this study is to increase the tribological performance of hot stamping tools by using a laser implantation process. This tech-nique allows the ma-nufacturing of separated, elevated and dome-shaped microstructures on the tool surface in consequence of a localized dispersing of hard ceramic particles by pulsed laser radiation. The generated surface features offer great potential for reducing the tribological load, due to their high hardness and wear resistance. For this purpose, the friction coefficient of un-modified and laser implanted tool surfaces were examined and compared by using a modified pin-on-disk test. In addition, the surfaces were analyzed by optical measurements in order to quantify the amount of wear.
Within the scope of this work, a new surface engineering technology named laser implantation has been investigated, in order to improve the tribological performance of hot stamping tools. This technique is based on manufacturing highly wear-resistant, separated, and elevated microfeatures by embedding hard ceramic particles into the tool surface via pulsed laser radiation.
Hence, the topography and material properties of the tool are modified, which influences the thermal and tribological interactions at the blank-die interface. To verify these assumptions and to clarify the cause–effect relations, different titanium-based particles (TiB2, TiC, TiN) were laser-implanted and subsequently analyzed regarding to their geometrical shape and mechanical properties. Afterwards, quenching tests as well as tribological experiments were carried out by using titanium-diboride as the most promising implantation material for reducing the tribological load due to high hardness value of the generated implants. Compared to conventional tooling systems, the modified tool surfaces revealed a significantly higher wear resistance as well as reduced friction forces while offering the possibility to adjust the thermal interactions at the blank-die interface. Based on these results, a tailored tool surface modification can be pursued in future research work, in order to enhance the effectiveness of the hot stamping technology.
Material qualification for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processes are often based on results derived from additively manufactured (AM) bulk material or small density cubes, although it is well known that the part geometry has a tremendous influence on the heat flux and, therefore, on the thermal history of an AM component. This study shows experimentally the effect of simple geometrical obstructions to the heat flux on cooling behavior and solidification conditions of 316L stainless steel processed by L-PBF. Additionally, it respects two distinct inter layer times (ILT) as well as the build height of the parts. The cooling behavior of the parts is in-situ traced by infrared (IR) thermography during the built-up. The IR signals reveal significant differences in cooling conditions, which are correlated to differences in melt pool geometries. The acquired data and results can be used for validation of computational models and improvements of quality assurance.
A finite element method based three-dimensional heat transfer model with adaptive remeshing is presented to simulate the building of multiple tracks and layers in laser powder bed fusion of metallic powders with enhanced computational competence. A dimensional analysis is undertaken to define the heat source dimensions as function of laser parameters and properties of alloy powder. The computational model is used to calculate the melt pool cross sections for multiple combinations of laser power and scanning velocities considering multi-track-multi-layer builds of SS316L powder. The computed results are verified extensively with the corresponding experimentally measured ones. The model is utilized further to examine its ability to predict defects such as melt track discontinuity and incomplete fusion between neighboring tracks and layers. Overall, the adaptive remeshing and the proposed heat source expression could significantly enhance the model competence by reducing the computational time and memory while maintaining the accuracy of results in simulating laser powder bed fusion of multiple tracks and layers.