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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Mit einer langfristigen Forschungsstrategie begleiten die für die Sicherheit von Mensch und Umwelt zuständigen Bundesoberbehörden (Umweltbundesamt, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung und Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) die rasch voranschreitende Entwicklung neuer Materialien unter den Gesichtspunkten des Arbeits-, Verbraucher- und Umweltschutzes. Die Strategie steht daher in enger Verbindung zu den öffentlichen Förderprogrammen für Nanomaterialien und andere innovative Werkstoffe, z. B. des BMBF („Vom Material zur Innovation“) und der EU („Horizon 2020“).
Die Forschungsstrategie baut auf den bisherigen Ergebnissen der 2008 begonnenen und 2013 erstmals bilanzierten gemeinsamen Forschungsstrategie der Bundesoberbehörden „Nanotechnologie - Gesundheits- und Umweltrisiken von Nanomaterialien" auf und erweitert den Blickwinkel auch auf andere Materialinnovationen, bei denen vergleichbare Risiken für Mensch und Umwelt bestehen oder abgeklärt werden müssen. Darüber hinaus greift sie die Idee „anwendungssichere chemische Produkte“ aus der Initiative „Neue Qualität der Arbeit“ (INQA) des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) und das Konzept der nachhaltigen Chemie auf, das vom Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) unterstützt wird. Durch eine anwendungssichere und umweltverträgliche Gestaltung innovativer Materialien und ihrer Folgeprodukte sollen nicht akzeptable Risiken für Mensch und Umwelt von Anfang an weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden. Dies kann erreicht werden durch
1. die Verwendung sicherer Materialien ohne Gefahreneigenschaften für Mensch und Umwelt (direkte Anwendungssicherheit) oder
2. eine Produktgestaltung, die über den gesamten Lebenszyklus emissionsarm und umweltverträglich ist (integrierte Anwendungssicherheit) oder
3. eine Unterstützung des Anwenders (product stewardship) durch den Hersteller bei technischen, organisatorischen und persönlichen Schutzmaßnahmen zur sicheren Verwendung und Entsorgung des Produktes (unterstützte Anwendungssicherheit).
Die Fortschreibung der Forschungsstrategie soll als Bestandteil des Nanoaktionsplans 2020 der Bundesregierung Beiträge der Ressortforschung zu folgenden Schwerpunkten leisten:
• Charakterisierung und Bewertung der Risiken von Materialinnovationen
• Unterstützung von Forschungseinrichtungen und Unternehmen
• Fortschreiben von Rechtsvorschriften und Praxisempfehlungen
• Gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz
Die Forschungsstrategie soll mit Projekten und anderen forschungsnahen Aktivitäten umgesetzt werden. Dies umfasst die eigene Forschung der Häuser, die extramurale Ausschreibung und Vergabe von Forschungsdienstleistungen sowie die Beteiligung an vorwiegend öffentlich geförderten Drittmittelprojekten. Hinzu kommen Aktivitäten im Rahmen der Politikberatung und der hoheitlichen Aufgaben. Mit inter- und transdisziplinären Ansätzen soll die Risiko- und Sicherheitsforschung enger mit der Innovationsforschung und Materialentwicklung verknüpft werden. Die Forschungsstrategie ist aufgrund der raschen Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet für den Zeitraum bis 2020 angelegt. Die Forschungsziele adressieren die in diesem Zeitraum voraussichtlich umsetzbaren Forschungsansätze. Die Forschungsstrategie wird durch einen Arbeitskreis begleitet und spätestens mit Ablauf des Nanoaktionsplans 2020 evaluiert und angepasst.
In a long-term research strategy, the German higher federal authorities responsible for human and environmental safety – the German Environment Agency (UBA), the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and the National Metrology Institute (PTB) – are accompanying the rapid pace of development of new materials from the points of view of occupational safety and health, consumer protection and environmental protection. The strategy is therefore closely linked with public funding programmes for research on nanomaterials and other advanced materials, such as those of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (“From Material to Innovation”) and the EU (“Horizon 2020”).
The research strategy builds on the outcomes so far of the joint research strategy of the higher federal authorities launched in 2008 and first evaluated in 2013, “Nanotechnology: Health and Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials”, while additionally covering other advanced materials where these pose similar risks to humans and the environment or where such risks need to be studied. It also takes up the idea of application safety of chemical products from the New Quality of Work (INQA) initiative of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS) and the concept of sustainable chemistry endorsed by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). Application safety and environmental compatibility are aimed for advanced materials and derived products in order to largely rule out unacceptable risks to humans and the environment. This can be achieved by:
1. Using safe materials without hazardous properties for humans and the environment direct application safety); or
2. Product design for low emissions and environmental compatibility over the entire product lifecycle (integrated application safety); or
3. Product stewardship, where producers support users in taking technical, organisational and personal safety measures for the safe use and disposal of products (supported application safety).
As a comprising part of the Federal Government’s Nanotechnology Action Plan 2020, the update of the joint research strategy aims to contribute to governmental research in the following main areas:
• Characterising and assessing the human and environmental risks of advanced materials
• Supporting research institutions and business enterprises
• Science-based revision of legal requirements and recommendations
• Public acceptance
The research strategy is to be implemented in projects and other research-related activities. These include governmental research, tendering and extramural research funding, and participation in mostly publicly supported projects with third-party funding. Additional activities will take place as part of policy advice and the ongoing work of the sovereign tasks of agencies involved. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches will be used to better connect risk and safety research with innovation research and material development. In keeping up with the rapid pace of development, the time horizon for the research strategy is up to 2020. The research objectives address the research approaches likely to be actionable in this period. The research strategy will be supported by a working group and be evaluated and revised by the end of the Nanotechnology Action Plan 2020.
The OECD test guidelines (TGs) for testing chemicals have been widely used for regulatory purposes all over the world since the establishment of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) principle in 1984. This MAD principle ensures that, if a chemical is tested under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions accordingly to an OECD TG, the data should be accepted in all OECD countries. The TGs have been developed, harmonized, internationally validated (round robin tests) and adopted by OECD countries to be used for the physical-chemical characterisation, fate estimation, and hazard identification for risk assessment of various chemicals. In addition to the TGs, OECD Guidance Documents (GDs) usually provide guidance on how to use TGs and how to interpret the results. These GDs do not have to be fully experimentally validated, and hence they are not under MAD, but they are based on relevant published scientific research.
But are the existing TGs and the related GDs applicable and adequate for the regulatory testing of nanomaterials? In general, for nanomaterials it is accepted that most of the "endpoints" or more precisely measurement variables are applicable. However, for some endpoints new or amended TGs are needed. In addition, several GDs are needed to give more precise advice on the test performance in order to gain regulatory relevant data on nanomaterials.
The properties of nanomaterials are influenced not only by their chemical composition but also by physical properties (such as size, geometry and crystal structure). For the reliable determination and assessment of behaviour and effects of nanomaterials as well as for the determination of the exposure of humans and environment a comprehensive physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is essential. This is an important prerequisite to identify them as nanomaterials and to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials.
In 2006, the OECD launched a sponsorship program for the testing of nanomaterials in which 11 nanomaterials were thoroughly investigated using a variety of methods. The aim of the project was, among other things, to find out where problems occur and where there are gaps in the measurement and test procedures and where are changes required. An important outcome of the sponsorship program was the finding that the OECD Test Guidelines should in several cases be extended to the specific needs in testing of nanomaterials. The existing standardized test methods of the OECD for physical-chemical characterization have not been developed for nanomaterials in particular. A high demand for an extension of the test guidelines was identified. Germany complied with the OECD's request in 2017 and has agreed to extend the “Test Guideline on Particle Size Distribution / Fiber Length and Diameter Distributions Test Guideline” for Manufactured Nanomaterials (MN). UBA commissioned BAM and BAuA with the preparation of the Test Guideline. The aim of the project is the development of a harmonized test protocol for a valid and reproducible determination of particle size and size distribution which is one of the most relevant physical-chemical properties for MNs.
Different measuring methods provide different results for the size distribution of the particles. This is caused by the different measuring principles of the methods. Each method measures a specific parameter that ultimately determines particle size. First, the measured quantity differs for each method (Scattered light intensity, 2D image / projection, electric mobility, etc.). Second, the calculated diameters of the MN may differ (Feret Diameter, Area Projection, Mobility Diameter, Aerodynamic Diameter, Hydrodynamic Diameter). Third, a measuring method provides a size distribution which is measured either mass-based, surface-based or number-based. A conversion between the results requires additional parameters and thus possibly increases the measurement error.
In addition to the technical differences, the individual parameters are strongly influenced by the structure and material of the nanoparticles. For example, a surface functionalization can lead to very different results in the size distribution. The suitability of measurement methods differs with the material of the MN. As a result, two very different results can be measured for the particle size distribution using two different methods, which are nevertheless both correct. Several large projects in recent years therefore concluded that nanomaterials should be characterized by at least two complementary method. Imaging techniques are regarded as one of these methods for the characterization, the complementary methods are supposed to be statistical methods.
The different results for the size distribution of nanomaterials become problematic for the registration of new MN. A comparable and reproducible size distribution is a prerequisite for a standardized registration. In the future, the particle size distribution in the EU will also decide on the classification of a substance as a nanomaterial or as a non-nanomaterial. Especially in borderline cases, a standardized and comparable measurement methodology is therefore essential.
The new OECD test guideline will address the following four main steps in the determination of the length and width distributions of fibers: sample preparation, image acquisition, data evaluation and uncertainty analysis. As the sample preparation has to be optimized for each material, general quality criteria will be given in the protocol. For full visibility of a fiber the appropriate resolution has to be chosen. In the data evaluation the length and diameter of each fiber will be determined concurrently to allow for application of different regulatory definitions. The quality of the results critically depends on the sample preparation as well as the data evaluation. In this step the classification rules have to be formulated and followed accurately in order to optimize reproducibility of the method. The SOP will be validated in an international round robin test, which is planned for 2018/2019.
Die für die Sicherheit von Mensch und Umwelt sowie für die Messtechnik zuständigen deutschen Bundesbehörden – das Umweltbundesamt, die Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und die Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) – begleiten die rasante Innovation von neuartigen Materialien mit einer langfristigen Forschungsstrategie. Die vorgestellte Strategie zeigt die notwendige Sicherheitsforschung auf, die auf der einen Seite Regulierungsbehörden in die Lage versetzt, neuartige Materialien angemessen bewerten zu können, und auf der anderen Seite auch das „Safe and Sustainable by Design“ für Innovatoren unterstützt.
The German federal authorities responsible for human and environmental safety, and metrology – the German Environment Agency (UBA), the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), and the National Metrology Institute (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB) - are accompanying the rapid pace of innovation of advanced materials with a long term research strategy focusing on safety research needs from a regulatory perspective. The strategy builds on former joint research strategies on nanomaterials and advanced materials and highlights current research priorities to enable regulatory preparedness for material innovations and better connect safety research with innovation research.
The OECD test guidelines (TGs) for testing chemicals have been widely used for regulatory purposes all over the world since the establishment of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) principle in 1984. This MAD principle ensures that, if a chemical is tested under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions accordingly to an OECD TG, the data should be accepted in all OECD countries. The TGs have been developed, harmonized, internationally validated (round robin tests) and adopted by OECD countries to be used for the physical-chemical characterisation, fate estimation, and hazard identification for risk assessment of various chemicals. In addition to the TGs, OECD Guidance Documents (GDs) usually provide guidance on how to use TGs and how to interpret the results. These GDs do not have to be fully experimentally validated, and hence they are not under MAD, but they are based on relevant published scientific research.
But are the existing TGs and the related GDs applicable and adequate for the regulatory testing of nanomaterials? In general, it is accepted that most of the "endpoints" or more precisely measurement variables are applicable also for nanomaterials. However, for some endpoints new or amended TGs are needed. In addition, several GDs are needed to give more precise advice on the test performance in order to gain regulatory relevant data on nanomaterials.
The poster will present the status quo on recent TGs and GDs development for nanomaterials at OECD level with relevance for physical-chemical characterisation. Emphasis will be given to the proposed OECD TG on particle size and size distribution for manufactured nanomaterials. The development of such a TG is of special importance as particle size and size distribution is considered as major information for nanomaterial identification and characterization. A reliable and reproducible characterisation of particle size and size distribution is also needed for chemicals risk assessment of nanomaterials, for instance to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials. The presented poster will illustrate the way from the idea for a new TG and new GD to an accepted OECD TG/GD.