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  • Blind, K. (15)
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The economic benefits of standardization - An update of the study carried out by DIN in 2000 (2011)
Blind, K. ; Jungmittag, A. ; Mangelsdorf, Axel
Economists have been searching for the sources of economic growth since the end of the 18th century. For Adam Smith the division of labour and the accumulation of capital were causes for the increasing wealth of nations. The Austrian-American economist Joseph Alois Schumpeter further established that innovations in products and processes are prerequisites for economic growth: »The fundamental drive that starts up the capitalist machine and keeps it running comes from the new consumer goods, the new production and transport methods, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organisation, which capitalist entrepreneurship creates.« Building on these fundamental ideas, during the 1950s American Robert M. Solow – later a Nobel prize winner – developed the first formal mathematical model of economic growth. Solow was able to use a simple model to Show that economic growth within the USA could be described by three determinants: an increase in capital (e.g. machinery and infrastructure), an increase in labour, and technical progress. Later other economists were able to further refine Solow‘s growth theory. While technical progress was accepted during the early years as a fact, it became ever easier to theoretically describe and quantify its causes. The central idea of these new models is that the state and businesses invest in research and development, thus continually stimulating economic growth through new products and production methods.
Researchers' participation in standardisation in relation to their scientific publishing and patenting activities: An explorative case study from a public research organisation in Germany (2013)
Zi, Aikaterini ; Blind, K.
We examine the participation of public sector researchers in standardisation bodies. Whereas previous research emphasized on patents and publications as Outputs of research activities, we also consider standardisation in this study. The latter has not been adequately taken into account when measuring productivity, despite its contributions to technology transfer. Based on data of more than 600 researchers from the BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, we perform multivariate regression to determine the influence of researchers' activities on the participation in standardisation. We make the assumption that basic research scientist publish their results mainly in high quality scientific journals, whereas applied research scientist concentrate more in technical and industry-oriented publications and patent applications. We find a difference between basic and applied research scientists regarding their probability of participating in standardisation committees and a significant influence of career qualifications in terms academic title.
Openness for innovation and involvement in standardization: evidence from the community innovation survey (2011)
Blind, K. ; De Vries, H. ; Mangelsdorf, Axel
In this paper, we explore the relationship between firms' approaches to open innovation and their decision to participate in Standardization alliances. Based on micro data of Dutch Companies surveyed in the Forth Community Innovation Survey we show that the importance of extemal knowledge is positively correlated with participation in Standardization. This suggests that firms aim to access the knowledge of other Companies and stakeholders in Order to increase their own knowledge base. The analysis also shows that firms cooperating with different actors are more likely to join Standardization. Due to the positive relationships with incoming knowledge spillovers and forms of Cooperation, we conclude that Standardization represents a specific form of collaborative knowledge-sharing and knowledge-creating strategy. In addition, we are able to show that absorptive capacity measured via Companies’ research intensity is promoting the involvement in Standardization. Besides the focus on knowledge and Cooperation variables, we explore the traditionally considered factors for alliances Formation and show that firm size, export activities and patent protection are positively correlated with participation in Standardization.
Standards zur Qualitätssicherung (Art. 26 V DL-RL) aus ökonomischer Perspektive (2011)
Blind, K. ; Mangelsdorf, Axel
Aufgrund der Immaterialität von Dienstleistungen ist es dem Nachfrager von Dienstleistungen nur schwer möglich, vor dem Konsum die Qualität einer Dienstleistung einzuschätzen. Dementsprechend fehlt es oft an Vertrauen zwischen den Anbietern von Dienstleistungen und den Nachfragern. Das fehlende Vertrauen der Dienstleistungsnachfrager oder - anderes gesagt - die Informationsasymmetrien zwischen Käufer und Verkäufer erhöhen die Transaktionskosten und lassen einen Vertragsabschluss weniger wahrscheinlich werden. Das fehlende Vertrauen der Nachfrager in die Qualität von Dienstleistungen berührt nicht nur den inländischen Handel, sondern beeinträchtigt gerade den internationalen und damit auch den innereuropäischen Handel mit Dienstleistungen. Eine Eurobarometerumfrage aus dem Jahr 2002 zeigt, dass 26% der befragten europäischen Verbraucher einem Anbieter aus einem EU-Land außer ihrem eigenen weniger vertrauen als einem nationalen Anbieter. Aus dieser Umfrage ging ebenfalls hervor, dass die Verbraucher das Sicherheitsniveau von ausländischen Produkten und Dienstleistungen als geringer empfinden als Angebote aus ihrem eigenen Land. Das mangelnde Vertrauen der Nachfrager in ausländische Dienstleistungsanbieter ist auf die fehlende Transparenz der Dienstleistungsqualität und den damit implizierten Informationsasymmetrien zurückzuführen. Die im Dienstleistungssektor vorhandenen Informationsasymmetrien verursachen beachtliche volkswirtschaftliche Kosten bzw. Ineffizienzen, die im Vergleich zu den Produktmärkten ausgeprägter sind, da Produkteigenschaften im Gegensatz zu Eigenschaften von Dienstleistungscharakteristika auch für den Endverbraucher vor dem Kauf leichter zugänglich und auch besser nachprüfbar sind.
Alliance formation of SMEs: empirical evidence from standardization committees (2012)
Blind, K. ; Mangelsdorf, Axel
This paper explores the decision of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to participate in official standard setting alliances. Based on micro data of German firms in the electrical engineering and machinery industry, we show that innovation-related variables follow the predictions of our hypotheses. Research and development (R&D) intensity exhibits an inverse U-shaped relationship on the likelihood to join alliances. The positive relation suggests that SMEs aim to access the knowledge of larger firms whereas the negative relationship indicates that SMEs exceeding a certain threshold of R&D activity are reluctant to participate in standardization because their knowledge is too essential to disclose to competitors. The importance to access external knowledge via standardization committees is underlined by a positive correlation with the relevance of incoming knowledge spillovers and a negative correlation with the relative size of companies' patent portfolios. Besides these variables, we also explore the traditionally considered factors for alliance formation and show that firm size and export intensity are positively correlated with participation.
The trade impact of ISO 9000 certifications and international cooperation in accreditation (2012)
Blind, K. ; Mangelsdorf, Axel
Motives to standardize: Empirical evidence from Germany (2016)
Mangelsdorf, Axel ; Blind, K.
In this paper, we identify the strategic motives of German manufacturing companies in the electrical engineering and machinery industry to be involved in standards development organizations. First, we present the general motives for the formation of strategic alliances and relate them to specific standardization motives. Then, we identify pursuing specific company interests, solving technical problems, knowledge seeking, influencing regulation, and facilitating market access as motives to standardize by means of factor analysis. In a second step, we test hypotheses on the relationship between the importance of strategic motives and firm level variables, e.g. R&D intensity, innovation activities, and firm size. The results reveal that firms in electric engineering and machinery have a particularly strong interest in ensuring industry-friendly design of regulations, which can be achieved by standards. Moreover, the results confirm that small firms also from these two sectors are active in standardization alliances to access knowledge from other involved stakeholders.
Die Nutzung und Wirkung genormter Managementsysteme (2020)
Mirtsch, Mona ; Koch, Claudia ; Dudek, Gabriele ; Blind, K.
Das Ziel der Initiative QI-FoKuS ist es, eine Datenbasis für neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Einflussfaktoren und Effekten in der Konformitätsbewertung und Akkreditierung zu schaffen. Ende 2019 wurden in einer ersten Online-Erhebung Unternehmen verschiedener Branchen und Größenklassen in Deutschland zur Nutzung von Managementsystemen und ihren Wirkungen befragt. Diese umfasste weit verbreitete genormte Managementsysteme wie ISO 9001 und ISO 14001 genauso wie bisher wenig untersuchte Systeme wie die ISO 50001 oder ISO/IEC 27001. Es konnten 180 Fragebögen für die vorliegende Studie ausgewertet werden.
Towards Agile Standardization: Testbeds in Support of Standardization for the IIoT (2020)
Koch, Claudia ; Blind, K.
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) poses multiple challenges to traditional standardization, due to the complexity, dynamics, and accelerating speed of technological progress. The need for a timely availability of standards calls for new approaches and tools to enhance standardization processes for smart manufacturing. Industry and standards development organizations worldwide are seeking new solutions. Testbeds have been acknowledged in innovation policy as a powerful tool for knowledge transfer and the further development of emerging technologies. Lately, they have also attracted increasing attention from the standardization perspective as a promising tool for a more agile standards development process. Proponents of such testbeds expect them to support standardization by providing validated solutions and accelerating the processes to meet the growing demands for faster standardization without any detriment to quality. In an explorative, qualitative approach this article is the first to investigate the operation and impact of testbeds in standardization processes based on a multiple case study on testbeds implemented worldwide in the context of the IIoT.
Testbeds for standardization in the IIoT (2019)
Koch, Claudia ; Blind, K.
In the paper, we discuss the role and impacts of testbeds in standardization for the industrial internet of things. Based on a multiple case study, four different approaches were identified followed in the testbeds with regard to their standardization activities.
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