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- Dehngeschwindigkeit (4)
- Steifigkeit (3)
- Zugversuch (3)
- Surface click chemistry (2)
- XANES (2)
- 1,2,3-Triazole (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Azide (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Double-quantum NMR (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Evaluation of an interlaboratory comparison of the chemical assay of U, Th oxide coated particles
(1981)
Neutron tomography was applied to study the 3D water distribution in full polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. The water distribution after switch-off of the fuel cell was analyzed over a period of 36 h. We found a slowly increasing water amount in the fuel cell, but only few changes within a time period of 5 h, which is about the time necessary for neutron tomography. In this way, the requirement for successful tomography was obtained. It is demonstrated how the quasi in-situ tomography technique enables us to study the water content in individual flow field channels of three-fold stacks. Flow field as well as stack design issues are addressed by this visualization method showing weak points due to a non-uniform water distribution that can be identified by means of neutron imaging.
With the publication of EN ISO 6892-1:2009, the harmonisation of tensile testing at room temperature in Europe was achieved by combining EN 10002-1:2001 with ISO 6892:1998. Essential changes are the introduction of the strain rate and the strain rate control as the significant testing rate or control mode, respectively, referred to as “Method A”. By using this method in the correct way it is guaranteed that in the moment of determination of properties comparable resulting strain rates at the test piece in smaller ranges of specified strain rates are adopted — also if different stiffnesses of the testing equipment are present. This leads especially for strain rate sensitive materials to better comparable results. In this paper it is documented the need for the implementation of method A, methods for the realisation — also by the use of older testing systems — and an example of the comparability of results of the methods for a strain-rate-sensitive-steel.
Mit der Veröffentlichung der DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2009 wurde für den Zugversuch bei Raumtemperatur eine Harmonisierung der in Europa verbindlichen EN 10002-1:2001 mit der ISO 6892:1998 erreicht. Wesentliche Änderungen sind die Einführung der Dehngeschwindigkeit und der Dehngeschwindigkeitsregelung als maßgebliche Prüfgeschwindigkeit bzw. Regelungsart, als Verfahren A bezeichnet. Mit der korrekten Anwendung dieses Verfahrens wird gewährleistet, dass im Moment der Kennwerteermittlung bei enger spezifizierten zulässigen Dehngeschwindigkeitsbereichen vergleichbare resultierende Dehngeschwindigkeiten an der Probe auch bei unterschiedlichen Steifigkeiten der Prüfaufbauten vorliegen. Dieses führt besonders bei dehngeschwindigkeitssensitiven Werkstoffen zu deutlich vergleichbareren Ergebnissen. In diesem Beitrag wird auf die Notwendigkeit der Einführung des Verfahrens A, der möglichen Umsetzungen auch bei Verwendung von älteren Prüfsystemen sowie exemplarisch auf vergleichende Ergebnisse der Verfahren an einem dehngeschwindigkeitssensitivem Stahlwerkstoff eingegangen.
Die im Mai 2011 veröffentlichte Internationale Norm ISO 6892-2 "Metallische Werkstoffe — Zugversuch - Teil 2: Prüfverfahren bei erhöhter Temperatur" ersetzt die Europäische Norm EN 10002-5 und die Internationale Norm ISO 783.
Technische Änderungen/Ergänzungen im Vergleich zu den Vorgängernormen beziehen sich im Wesentlichen auf die Prüfgeschwindigkeiten und die Dehnungsmessung. In Anlehnung an Teil 1 der ISO 6892 (Prüfung bei Raumtemperatur) wird die Dehngeschwindigkeit als maßgebliche Prüfgeschwindigkeit mit eingeengten Bereichen (Verfahren A) empfohlen. Zum Ansetzen des Dehnungsaufnehmers und zur Festlegung der Messlänge sind nun verschiedene Verfahren möglich.
In dem Beitrag wird auch anhand von Beispielen auf mögliche Auswirkungen auf die zu bestimmenden Kennwerte eingegangen.
Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing plays an increasingly important role in the design, the reliability assessment and the lifecycle management of safety critical components used, for instance, for power generation, in the process industry and in aeronautical and automotive applications, with a view to increasing the fuel efficiency, safety and service intervals, while reducing production (and material) costs. In a European Commission funded research project (acronym: TMF-Standard) of the 5th Framework Programme, 20 European laboratories have undertaken a joint research effort to establish a validated code-of-practice (CoP) for strain-controlled TMF testing. Starting from a survey of the testing protocols and procedures previously used by the partners, a comprehensive pre-normative research activity into various issues has been completed, addressing the dynamic temperature control, the effects of deviations in nominal temperatures and phase angles, the influences of temperature gradients, as well as the practicalities of test interruption and restart procedures. Meaningful allowable tolerances for the various test parameters were identified and practical recommendations as to the test techniques were formulated. From this a preliminary CoP was compiled and used to guide an extensive round robin exercise among the project partners. From the statistical analysis of that exercise, a validated CoP was derived dealing with strain-controlled constant amplitude TMF of nominally homogeneous metallic materials subjected to spatially uniform temperature fields and uniaxial mechanical loading. It is intended to give advice and guidance on the appropriate test setup, testing procedures and the analysis of results, in particular for newcomers in the field of strain-controlled TMF. This paper highlights some of the results of the TMF-Standard project. Moreover, commonalities and differences of the present CoP with respect to the standard documents for strain-controlled TMF, which have been developed at ISO and ASTM levels, are presented in this paper.
Assessment of existing steel structures - Recommendations for estimation of remaining fatigue life
(2008)
With rare exceptions, natural evolution is an extremely slow process. One particularly striking exception in the case of protein evolution is in the natural production of antibodies. Developing B cells activate and diversify their immunoglobulin (Ig) genes by recombination, gene conversion (GC) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Iterative cycles of hypermutation and selection continue until antibodies of high antigen binding specificity emerge (affinity maturation). The avian B cell line DT40, a cell line which is highly amenable to genetic manipulation and exhibits a high rate of targeted integration, utilizes both GC and SHM. Targeting the DT40's diversification machinery onto transgenes of interest inserted into the Ig loci and coupling selective pressure based on the desired outcome mimics evolution. Here we further demonstrate the usefulness of this platform technology by selectively pressuring a large shift in the spectral properties of the fluorescent protein eqFP615 into the highly stable and advanced optical imaging expediting fluorescent protein Amrose. The method is advantageous as it is time and cost effective and no prior knowledge of the outcome protein's structure is necessary. Amrose was evolved to have high excitation at 633 nm and excitation/emission into the far-red, which is optimal for whole-body and deep tissue imaging as we demonstrate in the zebrafish and mouse model.
The low-cycle fatigue behavior of cc-brass CuZn30 was irtvestigated in uniaxial (tension-compression and torional) and biaxial tests under total strain control at room temperature. Planar-biaxial fatigue tests were carried out on a servohydraulic tension-compression testing machine with and without phase shift using a cruciform specimen geometry with fixed principal stress axes. In phase and out of phase tensiontorsion tests were performed using tube shape specimens on a servohydraulic tensiontorsion testing machine. Microstructural investigations were performed by transmission electron microscopy as well as by scanning electron microscope. For all proportional load cases the equivalent strain amplitude based on a maximum shear strain energy criterion results in a similar hardening behavior and in fatigue life times within a scatter band of three. Out of phase loading results in additional cyclic hardening and reduced life time. Planar glide structures were observed in all tested cases as well as areas of pronounced strain localization in the torsional load cases. No evidence of transition to wavy glide behavior was observed.
To start the large-scale deployment of offshore wind in German waters, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) supports the offshore test site "alpha ventus" in the North Sea with a research budget of about 50 million Euro in the next years. The overall objective of the research is to reduce the costs of offshore wind energy deployment in deep water. In order to provide all participating research projects with detailed data, the test site will be equipped with extensive measurement instrumentation.
This research initiative was named RAVE Research at Alpha VEntus and consists of a variety of projects in connection with the installation and operation of alpha ventus. As part of the RAVE initiative, so far the participating institutes and companies have prepared projects on the following topics:
Realization of the joint measurements and data management
Analysis of loads, modelling and further development of the different components of offshore wind turbines
Loads at offshore foundations and structures
Further development of LIDAR wind measuring techniques
Grid integration of offshore wind energy
Monitoring of the offshore wind energy deployment in Germany "Offshore WMEP"
Measurement of the operating noises and modelling of the sound propagation between tower and water
Ecologic research
Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins formed by fungi of the Claviceps genus, which are some of the most common contaminants of food and feed worldwide. These toxins are a structurally heterogeneous group of compounds, sharing an ergoline backbone. Six structures and their corresponding stereoisomers are typically quantified by either HPLC-FLD or HPLC-MS/MS and the values subsequently summed up to determine the total ergot alkaloid content. For the development of a screening method targeting all ergot alkaloids simultaneously, the alkaloids need to be transferred to one homogeneous structure: a lysergic acid derivative. In this study, two promising cleaving methods—acidic esterification and hydrazinolysis—are compared, using dihydroergocristine as a model compound. While the acidic esterification proved to be unsuitable, due to long reaction times and oxidation sensitivity, hydrazinolysis reached a quantitative yield in 40-60 min. Parallel workup of several samples is possible. An increasing effect on the reaction rate by the addition of ammonium iodide was demonstrated. Application of hydrazinolysis to a major ergot alkaloid mix solution showed that all ergopeptines were cleaved, but ergometrine/-inine was barely affected. Still, hydrazinolysis is a suitable tool for the development of a sum parameter screening method for ergot alkaloids in food and feed.
An ethynylterpyridine was 'clicked' to an azide-terminated self-assembled monolayer on gold and characterized by synchrotron radiation based surface analysis as NEXAFS and XPS. The detection of azide and terpyridine signatures confirmed a partial click reaction at room temperature. The absence of the azides after reaction at 50 °C indicates an almost complete conversion. For the latter case successful Pd(II) coordination has been proven. The Au–S interface of the SAMs has been characterized by S 1s and S 2p XPS.
Experimental N K-edge NEXAFS data of surface immobilized azide, 1,2,3-triazole and terpyridyl groups are interpreted with the help of DFT spectrum simulations. Assignments of π* resonances in experimental N K-edge NEXAFS spectra to nitrogen atoms within these functional groups have been made. The azide was immobilized on gold as the head group of a thiol SAM, 1,2,3-triazole was formed on this SAM by click reaction and terpyridyl groups were introduced as substituents of the acetylene used for the click reaction. For azide-terminated molecules, DFT spectrum simulations are found to be useful to find measurement conditions delivering experimental N K-edge NEXAFS data with negligible X-ray damage. The 1,2,3-triazole group is found to be rather stable under X-ray irradiation.
For the assessment of the barrier function of the geosphere around a nuclear waste repository information about the nature of the accessible rock pore space and internal surfaces is needed. Intact samples of various types of fresh and altered crystalline rocks have been studied by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry and gas adsorption methods using various adsorbates. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was applied and the results were compared with those of impregnation with carbon-l4-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Additional structural information was derived from hydraulic conductivity determinations using helium gas.
The investigations were focussed on the reliability of these measurements of intact core samples, the influence of rock composition, structure and geological evolution on the microstructure of the matrices and the consequences regarding the retardation properties of the bedrock.
Die zunehmende Bedeutung der Nachhaltigkeit im Bauwesen wird in Zukunft das Bauen im Bestand gegenüber Neubauten in den Vordergrund rücken. Dies gilt auch für den Brückenbau, wo das Qualitätsmanagement seit langem Brücken von ihrem Entstehungsgang über den Betrieb bis in die Entsorgung begleitet.
Die starke Vergrößerung der Frachtvolumina für Straße und Schiene und die zunehmende Überalterung des Brückenbestandes fragen danach, ob die bestehenden Brücken für die veränderten Betriebsbedingungen noch geeignet sind und wie sie und ob sie dafür instandgesetzt werden könnten.
Für die erforderlichen Instandhaltungs- und Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen oder einen eventuellen Ersatz durch einen Neubau ist aber die Frage der Restnutzungsdauer von entscheidender Bedeutung. Es ist daher nicht von ungefähr, dass sich Baulast-träger auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene frühzeitig zusammengetan haben, um nach geeigneten Methoden der Bestimmung der Sicherheit und Restnutzungsdauer bestehender Brücken zu forschen. Auch die internationalen technisch-wissenschaftlichen Verbände wie EKS und fib sowie die Standard-Organisationen ISO und CEN sind der Frage eines internationalen Austauschs und der Vereinheitlichung der Methoden nachgegangen.
Für Stahlbrücken hat insbesondere das technische Komitee6 - Ermüdung - der EKS Anregungen aufgegriffen, aus den verschiedenen nationalen Erfahrungen und dem vorhandenen Wissen technische Empfehlungen für die Beurteilung bestehender Stahlbrücken zu entwickeln [1], die sich als Grundlage für die von CEN/TC 250 - das CEN-Komitee für die Bearbeitung der Eurocode - geplante Erweiterung der Eurocode zur Instandhaltung und Instandsetzung des Brückenbestandes eignen.
Das Ergebnis ist ein technisch-wissenschaftlicher Bericht, der im Rahmen der Zusammenarbeit der europäischen Kommission (DG-Research - Joint Research Centre JRC) mit der EKS als Basispapier für eine zukünftige Eurocode-Erweiterung veröffentlicht wurde und schon jetzt als Empfehlung für eine Vorgehensweise nach dem Stand der Technik verwendet werden kann.
Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Grundzüge dieses Berichtes [1], der vom e-bookshop der Kommission kostenfrei herunter geladen werden kann.