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Recently, non-destructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE), in particular of concrete components, has successfully mastered the leap from research to practice. Several methods have been established for field inspections to determine the concrete cover of reinforcement or to estimate the compressive strength as well as other parameters related to the concrete material. In addition, the application of non-destructive testing is indispensable, if information about the inner structure - such as the location of rebars and tendon ducts or the damage-related condition assessment to detect grouting defects, honeycombs, delamination, or corrosion - is required. Besides the selection of a suitable NDT method and an appropriate inspection system, the reliability of the results depends largely on the person who applies the non-destructive inspection technique and evaluates the inspection results. To ensure a high quality of non-destructive concrete evaluation as well as to keep the uncertainty caused by the inspection personnel to a minimum, structured, consistent, and regulated theoretical as well as practical training of inspection personnel is essential. To close this gap, the subcommittee of education and training (UA-A) within the committee for NDT-CE of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP) has been reactivated in 2018 to establish uniform training standards for non-destructive concrete inspections in the long term. The subcommittee consists of scientists, practitioners, authorities, and clients. So far, the national standard DIN 4871 “Non-destructive testing - Qualification of NDT personnel in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE)” was developed. This standard considers the civil-industry-specifics, for example, that standards for NDT of concrete, as well as related product standards with a few exceptions, still do not exist at the moment. Within this presentation, the concept, the connection to ISO 9712 and other standards as well as an overview of the recently developed German standard DIN 4871 will be presented.
Recently, non-destructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE), in particular of concrete components, has successfully mastered the leap from research to practice. Several methods have been established for field inspections to determine the concrete cover of reinforcement or to estimate the compressive strength as well as other parameters related to the concrete material. In addition, the application of nondestructive testing is indispensable, if information about the inner structure - such as the location of rebars and tendon ducts or the damage-related condition assessment to detect grouting defects, honeycombs, delamination, or corrosion - is required. Besides the selection of a suitable NDT method and an appropriate inspection system, the reliability of the results depends largely on the person who applies the non-destructive inspection technique and evaluates the inspection results. To ensure a high quality of non-destructive concrete evaluation as well as to keep the uncertainty caused by the inspection personnel to a minimum, structured, consistent and regulated theoretical as well as practical training of inspection personnel is essential. To close this gap, the subcommittee of education (UA-A) within the committee for NDT-CE of the German Society for Nondestructive Testing (DGZfP) has been reactivated in 2018 to establish uniform training standards for nondestructive concrete inspections in the long term. The subcommittee consists of scientists, practitioners, authorities, and clients. So far, the national standard DIN 4871 “Non-destructive testing - Qualification and Certification of NDT personnel in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE)” was developed and is currently under review. This standard considers the civil-industry-specifics, for example, that standards for NDT of concrete, as well as related product standards with a few exceptions, still do not exist at the moment. Within this presentation, the concept, the connection to ISO 9712 and other standards as well as an overview of the developed German standard DIN 4871 will be presented.
Zuverlässigkeitsbetrachtungen bei der Ultraschallprüfung von Radsatzwellen im Ausbildungsbetrieb
(2019)
Im Rahmen der UT1-M1 Ausbildung im Ausbildungszentrum Wittenberge der DGZfP wurden statistische Untersuchungen am Beispiel der Radsatzwellenprüfung mit Testradsatzwellen durchgeführt. Diese Untersuchungen hatten zum Ziel, die wesentlichen Einflussparameter bei der Prüfung auf das Prüfergebnis zu evaluieren. Dabei wurde unter anderem die intrinsische Fähigkeit des Prüfverfahrens zum Auffinden verschiedener Reflektorgeometrien ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse der Handprüfung wurden mit Ergebnissen mechanisierter Prüfungen verglichen. Im Rahmen der Zuverlässigkeitsbetrachtung wurden die Probability of Detection (POD) und die Nachweisgrenzen ermittelt.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es auch, menschliche und organisatorische Einflussfaktoren auf die Ultraschall-Handprüfung von Radsatzwellen zu identifizieren, um Empfehlungen zur Optimierung der Ausbildung auszuarbeiten. Dazu wurden prüfungsbezogene Risiken in der Praxis mittels Fehlzustandsart- und –auswirkungsanalyse (FMEA) analysiert sowie von den Prüfern empfundene Probleme während der Ausbildung und in der Praxis mittels Fragebogen identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse der FMEA haben gezeigt, dass während des gesamten Prozesses Fehler auftreten können, für die Gegenmaßnahmen getroffen und implementiert werden sollten. Aus den Hinweisen und Erkenntnissen wurden einige Empfehlungen zur Optimierung der Ausbildung erarbeitet.
Dass die Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP eine sehr wichtige Rolle bei der Bewertung sicherheitsrelevanter Systeme spielt, ist bekannt. Laut dem modularen Zuverlässigkeitsmodell für zerstörungsfreie Prüfprozesse hängt die Zuverlässigkeit von der innewohnenden (physikalisch-technischen) Fähigkeit der Prüfsystems, den Anwendungsparametern, den menschlichen Faktoren und dem organisatorischen Kontext ab. Seit Einführung des Modells während des ersten Workshops zur Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP (European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE) wurde das Modell in weiteren fünf Workshops stetig weiterentwickelt, diskutiert und an den Stand der Wissenschaft angepasst. Das Ziel dieser Publikation ist es, den aktuellen Stand der Diskussion und die neusten Fragestellungen der internationalen Zuverlässigkeitsgemeinschaft vorzustellen. Im Einzelnen werden die Entwicklung fortgeschrittener Modelle zur Bewertung der Probability of Detection (POD), Bewertungsansätze im Bereich Structural Health Monitoring und Fragestellungen zu den menschlichen Faktoren dargestellt. Besonderer Wert wurde sowohl auf die Entwicklung, als auch auf die Anwendung der Ansätze in der industriellen Praxis gelegt.
Analyzing the reliability of non-destructive tests using the modular modell - a practical approach
(2016)
Non-destructive testing is an important tool to guarantee the safety of railway traffic.
The infrastructure with tracks, switches and sleepers is regularly tested, the
locomotives and wagons with their wheels, bogies and axles as well. Many years of experience and some events lead in Germany to a good practice in testing the railway components. Now, European authorities are drafting a system of common requirements and standards for the European Railway Market. The German practice combines an intensive training of the NDT-personnel including sufficient time for practical exercises with organizational measures of the companies, responsible for rolling stock and infrastructure. Through the example of UT-testing of railway axles it will be shown, how training and organizational measures influence the reliability of such testing.
Ultrasonic phased array is, currently, the technology which is being applied as the solution to a lot of inspection problems. The perceived benefits are seen to be worth the outlay on equipment and specialised personnel. Yet, there is a source of knowledge, freely available, which can also deliver immediate benefits, through more reliable inspection results, and consequently increased client confidence, but which is largely ignored by the greater part of the NDT community. This talk will review the latest Human Factors knowledge and provide practical illustrations of how companies can use it to improve their competitive edge.
The focus of NDT reliability research in the past was in the field of two high risk industries: (atomic) power plants and aircrafts. The responsible organizations have been well aware of the risks and founded projects to understand and optimize critical steps during production, operation and maintenance. But the use of NDT is not limited to these two fields. The risks during operation of chemical plants, trains or windmills are different from the area above but evident. The coverage by legal regulations is relatively low. Instead of this owner responsibility, product liability and financial issues are the driving forces to do inspections and to use non-destructive testing. The different targets and financial issues influence the practice of NDT-inspections. A survey of this practice and its results are shown.
Since the beginnings of the European American Workshops (EAW) in 1997, the aim was to gather the experts in NDE reliability and discuss burning topics with the aim of identifying crucial problems and suggesting ways to move forward. This was usually achieved during the so-called break-out sessions, in which predetermined topics were discussed. During the 5th EAW, held in Berlin in 2013, this approach was replaced by an Open Space Technology (OST) approach. The benefit of this approach is seen in the freedom of topic choices, i. e., the topics are not predetermined but rather arise at that moment in that space and by the participants choice. The following topics arose: new reliability methods (Bayesian, MAPOD,
), structural health monitoring, definition of requirements of NDE by customer versus provider, what value of POD is good enough?, human factors, manual versus automated inspection, and basic concepts of reliability of NDE. The participants were encouraged to walk from one session to another and openly express their opinions. These were in the end summarized by a chosen group of moderators and presented in this paper.