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- Egress (3)
- Evacuation (3)
- Engineering data (2)
- Evakuierung (2)
- Human behaviour (2)
- Pedestrians with disabilities (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Structural health monitoring (2)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Verwendung faseroptischer Messtechnik im Zuge wiederholter Eignungsprüfungen an Verpressankern
(2020)
Im Rahmen des Ausbaus des Dortmund-Ems-Kanals wurden an der Schleuse Gleesen Forschungsanker installiert, die Rückschlüsse auf das Tragverhalten in Folge des chemischen Angriffs kalklösender Kohlensäure geben sollen. Die Forschungsanker werden seit der Erstellung im Jahr 2017 mit verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik während der jährlichen Eignungsprüfungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Jahre 2017 bis 2019 werden im Folgenden dargestellt.
Um den Anforderungen der Bauordnung an den Brandschutz für Gebäude gerecht zu werden, sind bauliche Anlagen so zu errichten und zu betreiben, dass der Entstehung eines Brandes und der Ausbreitung von Feuer und Rauch vorgebeugt, die Rettung von Menschen und Tieren sowie wirksame Löscharbeiten ermöglicht werden.
Hierbei besteht, einer steigenden Komplexität sowie einem differenzierten Nutzungskonzept öffentlicher Gebäude geschuldet, häufig die Notwendigkeit von normativen Vorgaben abzuweichen und dennoch ein gleichwertiges Sicherheitsniveau nachzuweisen.
Es werden Personensimulationsmodelle eingesetzt, die einerseits das Vorhandensein eines Schutzzielniveaus durch die Abbildungen von Personenbewegungen nachweisen können und andererseits durch Parametervariation eine szenarienabhängige Betrachtung ermöglichen.
Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht die Ergebnisse einer kleinskaligen Evakuierungsübung mit drei mikroskopischen Personensimulationsmodellen und geht der Frage nach der Aussagekraft dieser Bewertungsmethode nach. Es zeigt sich, dass die alleinige Betrachtung absoluter Entleerungszeiten keine zuverlässige Beurteilungsgrundlage für das komplexe Schutzziel Personensicherheit darstellt.
Understanding movement in heterogeneous groups is important for a meaningful evaluation of evacuation prediction and for a proper design of buildings. The understanding of interactions and influencing factors in heterogeneous groups on key performance figures is fundamental for a safe design. This contribution presents results of experimental studies on movement of a crowd through a bottleneck involving participants with and without disabilities. High precise trajectories of the attendees extracted from video recordings were used to calculate density and velocity of the participants. Besides the well-established fundamental diagram new insights into the individual relation between density and velocity are discussed. A complex structure and considerate behaviour in movement implicates a strong influence of the heterogeneity on key performance values of safe movement.
Emergency exits as bottlenecks in escape routes are important for designing traffic facilities. Especially the fundamental diagram is a crucial performance criterion for assessment of pedestrians' safety in facilities and an important basis for calculation methods. For this reason, several studies were performed during the last decades which focus on the quantification of movement through bottlenecks. These studies were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics to reduce influencing variables and for reasons of practicability.
Studies which consider heterogeneous characteristics in performance parameters are rarely available. In response and to reduce this lack of data a series of well-controlled large-scale movement studies considering pedestrians with different disabilities was carried out.
This work presents the testing of a developed elec¬tronic nose for outdoor odour nuisance monitoring. The sensor system consists of a sampling system, a measuring cell equipped with commercially available low-cost gas sensor elements and a data acquisition system. The sensor testing showed that the developed prototype is able to distinguish, identify and partially quantify individual odorous substances like ethanol, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. Ethanol and ammonia could even be detected below or near their odour threshold.
Static and dynamic pile tests are carried out to determine the load bearing capacity and the quality of reinforced concrete piles. As part of a round robin test to evaluate dynamic load tests, structure integrated fibre optic strain sensors were used to receive more detailed information about the strains along the pile length compared to conventional measurements at the pile head. This paper shows the instrumentation of the pile with extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers sensors and fibre Bragg gratings sensors together with the results of the conducted static load test as well as the dynamic load Tests and pile integrity tests.
Evaluation of evacuation process is common separated by two phases: pre-movement and movement-phase. Individual capabilities of pedestrians have an impact on both and therefore on the time required for safe escape. In view of evaluating the evacuation process, characteristics of realistic movements of pedestrians involved are needed, but so far such data are mainly available for individuals with unrestricted evacuation capabilities only.
Due to the lack of available data, parameter studies in an assisted living for people with disabilities were performed to explore the movement during evacuation. Preparation times for assistance (n=10), unimpeded walking speeds (n=34) depending on the assistance devices in the plane as well as walking speeds on stairs (n=11) were focussed.
Time to prepare an assistance device for utilisation depends significantly on the kind of device type. Further on, practical experience in handling the devices for assistance has an impact on the preparation time. In contrast to the results of the preparation times, any relation on assistance devices were investigated for the unimpeded walking speed in the plane. A remarkable decrease of walking speed on stairs was observed which is independent from the utilised assistance device.
The presented data improve and extend the insufficient engineering data base and raised up questions regarding the complexity of considering pedestrians movement with impairments in evacuation planning.
In structural engineering timber is appreciated due to its low weight, its high aesthetic quality and because it is a renewable resource. The market share of timber structures and wood based hybrid structures will clearly increase over the next few years due to greater environmental awareness and a higher demand for sustainability. However, building with timber is marked by characteristics which lead to significant disadvantages in comparison wifh technical materials. For example, in outdoor areas Chemical and structural approaches offen lead to unsatisfactory and expensive Solutions with respect to durability. An idea is to make natural lumber a high-performance material which can be designed to meet the engineers’ demands conceming strength, stiffness, durability, shape, safety etc. These changes can affect the material itself, new technologies or a new approach to monitoring. Especially hybrids made of common timber products and technical textiles or enhanced timber products are high-capacitive and reach high bearing strengths with low material input and good durability. These hybrids are particularly qualified to use the advantages of wood and minimize the disadvantages. They can be used in different ways for load bearing structures, i.e. bridges. New construction types need monitoring to observe the stress and strains for which they were designed, and the structures’ behaviour as well as to guarantee required safety levels. The aim of successful usage of fibre optic measurement technology in timber elements was the development of a technology for measuring the lengthening in timber elements and wood based hybrid elements by using fibre optic sensors. The scientific and technical challenge was to develop an applicationtechnology for optical glass fibres in timber and densified veneer wood.
In laboratory tests as well as with the erection of a footbridge and during in-situ tests it could be shown that the structurally integrated fibre optic sensor technology used is suitable for short and long term measurement. The developed embedment technology tums out to be practical and fit for good transfer of strain-values from timber to the modified sensor fibres.
We present a method which allows to calculate gas sorption in complex polymers where, as slow processes, gas induced plasticization and volume dilation are important factors. Since the relaxational swelling of the polymer matrix that is observed at elevated gas concentrations takes hours or days, the swelling process is orders of magnitudes too slow to simulate the respective molecular dynamics in reasonable time and effort. To address this apparent incompatibility of experiment and simulation, we use single representative reference states from experiment and construct atomistic packing models according to these specifications. Gas sorption of CO2 and CH4 was successfully calculated on polysulfone, a 6FDA-polyimide, and a polymer of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-1, at 308 K and pressures up to 50 bar.