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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Reinforced concrete piles are used in case of structures that are constructed on soft ground to transfer the loads into deeper strata with sufficient bearing capacity. In order to determine the pile’s behavior and possible damage, static and dynamic pile tests are carried out. Dynamic measurements taken from the pile head can show the bearing behavior and structural integrity by using the theory of wave propagation. In order to receive more precise information about the pile features, now, a string of sensors is embedded at different levels of the pile. A fiber optic strain wave sensor, based on the extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI), has already been developed and tested in full-scale field tests by Schallert (2010). It was possible to detect the introduced deformation caused by the static load and the dilatational wave during dynamic loading. Although the full-scale tests were successful, the engineering design of the sensor body left room - from the economical point of view - to be optimized. After laboratory tests with the optimized sensor, a cast-in-situ bored pile has been built at the BAM Test Site Technical Safety in Horstwalde, South of Berlin. Additionally to the EFPI sensors, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, temperature sensors and resistance strain gauge (RSG) sensors are embedded in order to compare the signals with each other. In this paper, the modified sensor and the Setup of the cast-in-situ bored pile along with results of dynamic tests are shown.
A new calibration machine according to the
requirements given by ISO 14577-3 [1] was described in [2].
The results of the verification are reported in this paper. It is
shown that the calibration machine can be used as a national
standard for the materials parameter of the instrumented
indentation test.
The instrumented indentation test provides a versatile method to determine several materials parameter. In order to provide reference specimens, a calibration machine according to ISO 14577-3 is designed for the macro range. Using innovative technology, the new machine design may lead to a standard solution not only for calibration machines.
Fiber-optic strain sensors are increasingly used in very different technical fields. Sensors are provided with specifications defined by the manufacturer or ascertained by the interested user. If deformation sensors are to be used to evaluate the long-term behavior of safety-relevant structures or to monitor critical structure components, their performance and signal stability must be of high quality to enable reliable data recording. The measurement system must therefore be validated according to established technical rules and standards before its application and after. In some cases, not all details of the complex characteristic and performance of applied fiber-optic sensors are sufficiently understood, or can be validated because of a lack of knowledge and methods to check the sensors' behavior. This contribution focusses therefore on the importance of serious validation in avoiding a decrease or even deterioration of the sensors' function. Methods for validation of applied sensors are discussed and should reveal weaknesses in validation of embedded or integrated fiber-optic deformation and/or strain sensors. An outlook to some research work that has to be carried out to ensure a well-accepted practical use of fiber-optic sensors is given.
Commercial, off-the shelf propane cylinders are subjected to high safety regulations. Furthermore, those cylinders are equipped with safety devices like pressure relief valves (PRV). Despite these regulations and safety measures, a failure of the Container is possible if exposed to an intense fire. The result of this is severe hazard for users, rescue forces and infrastructure. Within the framework of a destructive test series, 15 identical propane cylinders, without pressure relief devices, were exposed to an intensive fire in horizontal Position until failure. Each cylinder was filled with a mass of m =11 kg of liquid propane. Three different fire sources were used (wood, petrol, propane). The experiments revealed the failure of all cylinders in a time period t < 155 s. The failure lead to a fragmentation into several major parts with throwing distances of up to l =262 m. In all trials, the temperature of the cylinder wall (top, side, bottom), of the liquid phase inside and of the surrounding fire (top, side, bottom) was recorded. In addition, the inner cylinder pressure and the induced overpressure of the blast wave after the failure were recorded. Overpressures of up to p=0.27 bar were recorded close to the cylinder (l =5 m). AM tests were documented hy video from several positions (general view, close-up, high-speed 5000 fps). This test series creates the basis for further experimental studies in the field of alternative fuels for vehicles. The aim of this test series is to assess and analyse the consequences of the failure of gas vessels (for LPG, CNG, CGH2) in the aftermath of severe incidents.
Im Rahmen des Projekts „Complex Fires – Auswirkung von Behälterversagen“ (CoFi-ABV) sollen die Auswirkungen des Versagens von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe in Fahrzeugen unter Berücksichtigung komplexer Brand- und Explosionsszenarien untersucht werden. Es wird der aktuelle Hintergrund des Forschungsvorhabens erläutert sowie die geplanten Untersuchungen und beabsichtigten Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Hauptbestandteil des Projekts ist eine Vielzahl von zerstörenden Großversuchen. Im Vorfeld dieser Großversuche werden zur Weiterentwicklung und Adaptierung von Messtechnik Versuche im kleineren Maßstab durchgeführt. Im Folgenden werden Teile dieser Ver-suchsaufbauten im „mid-scale“ sowie die dabei verwendete Messtechnik dargestellt. Weiterhin werden erste Ergebnisse aus Wärmeeintragsversuchen zur Quantifizierung verschiedener Unterfeuerungsmethoden für die zerstörenden Großversuche vorgestellt.
In einer Großversuchsserie wurden auf dem BAM-TTS 15 11-kg-Propangasflaschen ohne Sicherheitseinrichtung mit drei verschiedenen Methoden (Holz, Benzinpool, Gas) unterfeuert. Der Beitrag beschreibt die dokumentierten Auswirkungen (z. B. Fragmentierung, Überdruck), die Art des Versagens sowie den Behälterzustand zum Zeitpunkt des Versagens.
Small, mobile propane gas vessels are widely spread and comprise additional hazards in case of a surrounding, intensive fire. The aim of the presented work is to holistically investigate the potential consequences of failure of these off-the-shelf propane gas vessels in case of an absence or malfunction of safety devices. In order to generate a statistically valid dataset, a total of 15 identical propane gas bottles without pressure relief device, each containing m = 11 kg of liquid propane, were underfired in horizontal position. For each selected fire type (wood fire, petrol pool fire, propane gas fire), five vessels were tested under identical conditions. Next to extensive camera equipment including a high-speed camera, systems to record the internal pressure of the gas cylinder, the resulting shock wave overpressure (three positions) and the flame and vessel temperature (three + three positions) during the underfiring were used. Also the unsteady, highly dynamical thermal radiation caused by the explosion of the expanding gas cloud was logged. The fragments were georeferenced and weighed after each test. The experiments prove the failure of all the gas cylinders at a burst pressure of pb = [71 … 98 bar] with a fragmentation into up to seven parts (average: four objects) and a subsequent explosion of the expanding vapour after mixing with the surrounding air. The overpressure measured in the close-up range (distance to the cylinder d = 5 m) resulting from the shockwave caused by the cylinder burst was up to pmax = 0.27 bar, which can potentially lead to significant injuries to humans and damage to building structures and infrastructure, especially in connection with the explosion and the resultant thermal radiation. The distance covered by the fragments after the failure was up to r = 260 m; 47% of the fragments hit the ground more than r = 50 m away from the position of failure.
15 identical off-the-shelf propane cylinders (m = 11 kg liquid propane) were underfired. The infrared Radiation of the Explosion, that occurred in the aftermath of the vessel failure, was recorded using four bolometers. These measurements are compared with an estimation of the Maximum intensity gained by an Analysis of the Video data, an Extended Version of the Stefan-Boltzmann law and a BLEVE model.