Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (85)
- Vortrag (67)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (28)
- Posterpräsentation (21)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (19)
- Buchkapitel (17)
- Sonstiges (11)
- Forschungsbericht (7)
- Monografie (3)
- Sammelband (Herausgeberschaft für den kompletten Band) (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (142)
- Deutsch (115)
- Russisch (2)
- Mehrsprachig (1)
Schlagworte
- Archaeometry (34)
- Cultural heritage (24)
- Archäometrie (22)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (22)
- Non-destructive testing (18)
- Hinterglasmalerei (10)
- Kunst- und Kulturgut (10)
- X-ray fluorescence analysis (9)
- XRF (9)
- Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (8)
- Writing materials (8)
- Inks (7)
- Papier (7)
- FTIR (6)
- Non-invasive analysis (6)
- Raman spectroscopy (6)
- Zeichenmaterialien (6)
- DRIFTS (5)
- Drawings (5)
- Ink (5)
- Materialanalyse (5)
- Paper (5)
- BEMMA (4)
- Dead Sea scrolls (4)
- Farbmittel (4)
- Kunsttechnologie (4)
- Manuscripts (4)
- Micro-XRF (4)
- Parchment (4)
- Pigments (4)
- Quantification (4)
- Reverse glass painting (4)
- SVOC (4)
- VOC (4)
- Zeichnungen (4)
- ZfP (4)
- Carbon ink (3)
- Conservation (3)
- Conservation science (3)
- Emission (3)
- Flame retardants (3)
- Humboldt Codices (3)
- Iron gall ink (3)
- Iron-gall ink (3)
- Konservierung (3)
- Kulturgut (3)
- Kunstgeschichte (3)
- Material emission (3)
- Multi-instrumental-approach (3)
- NDT (3)
- Organic materials (3)
- Organophosphates (3)
- Rembrandt (3)
- Restoration (3)
- Synchrotron infrared radiation (3)
- Air sampling (2)
- Bauprodukte (2)
- Biozide (2)
- Blauer Engel (2)
- Brominated flame retardants (2)
- Bürogeräte (2)
- Cairo Genizah (2)
- Chamber study (2)
- Collagen (2)
- Colorants (2)
- Colourants (2)
- Dyes (2)
- Emission measurements (2)
- Emissionsmessungen (2)
- Fine arts (2)
- Image enhancement (2)
- Image restoration (2)
- Jahr der Chemie (2)
- Laser cleaning (2)
- Laserdrucker (2)
- Leonardo da Vinci (2)
- Manuscript studies (2)
- Material analysis (2)
- Micro-XANES (2)
- Multispectral imaging (2)
- Museum (2)
- Non-destructiv testing (2)
- Partikelemissionen (2)
- Pigment (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Polybrominated flame retardants (2)
- Präventive Konservierung (2)
- RFA (2)
- Restoration and conservation science (2)
- Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) (2)
- SVOC/POM (2)
- Schadstoffe (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- VIS-Spektrometrie (2)
- VIS-Spektroskopie (2)
- Visible spectrophotometry (2)
- Vitrinen (2)
- X-ray fluorescence (2)
- Zerstörungsfreie Materialcharakterisierung (2)
- 1QHodayot (1)
- 3D X-ray fluorescence analysis (1)
- 3D X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- 3D micro XRF (1)
- 3D-micro XRF (1)
- 3D-micro-XRF (1)
- A Greek palimpsest (1)
- Acetic acid (1)
- Acetic and formic acid (1)
- Advanced high strength steels (1)
- AgBB-Schema (1)
- Albrecht Dürer (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Analytik (1)
- Ancient manuscripts (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Antiquity (1)
- Arbeitsschutz (1)
- Archaeology (1)
- Archaeometric studies (1)
- Archeometry (1)
- Art objects (1)
- Assessment of emissions from materials for museum equipment (1)
- Ausstellungsvitrinen (1)
- Authentifizierung (1)
- Autograph (1)
- BAM (1)
- BEMMA display case (1)
- Basin (1)
- Bauhaus (1)
- Bauhaus Weimar (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Buchdruck (1)
- Byzantine manuscript (1)
- Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion (1)
- Bürogeräte mit Laserdruckfunktion (1)
- Carbon inks (1)
- Carolingian (1)
- Chemische Emissionen (1)
- Chlorine to bromine ratio (1)
- Climate control device (1)
- Colouring (1)
- Computer (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- DNPH (1)
- DSS (1)
- Dark matrix (1)
- Dead sea scrolls (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Detection of formic and acetic acid (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Direct thermal extraction (1)
- Dispersion of carbon pigments (1)
- Display case (1)
- Drawings iron (1)
- Drucker (1)
- Dyes and pigments (1)
- Dämmstoffe (1)
- Early european inks (1)
- Editionswissenschaften (1)
- Eisengallustinte (1)
- Eisengallustinten (1)
- Emission chamber test (1)
- Emission rates (1)
- Emission test chamber (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Emissionsarme Vitrine (1)
- Emissionsarme Vitrinen (1)
- Emissionsmessung (1)
- Emissionsprüfkammer (1)
- Emissionsprüfzelle (1)
- Engravings (1)
- Environmental analyses (1)
- Essigsäure (1)
- Eulan (1)
- FP (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- Fakes (1)
- Family archives (1)
- Farbe (1)
- Farbenlehre (1)
- Farbstoffe (1)
- Feine und ultrafeine Partikel (1)
- Forgery (1)
- Formic acid (1)
- Fundamental parameter quantification (1)
- GC/MS (1)
- Gall inks (1)
- Gemälde (1)
- Germanistik (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Glass corrosion (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gothic incursions (1)
- Graphik (1)
- Hermopolis (1)
- History of Art (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Hybrid bonding (1)
- IR-Reflektographie (1)
- Illuminated manuscripts (1)
- Indoor air quality (1)
- Ink analyses (1)
- Inorganic compounds (1)
- Inorganic traces (1)
- Iron Gall Ink Corrosion (1)
- Iron gall ink corrosion (1)
- Iron gall inks (1)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1)
- Kleinklimagerät (1)
- Kulturgeschichte (1)
- Kunst- und Kulturanalyse (1)
- Kunstobjekte (1)
- Laser printers (1)
- Leiterplatte (1)
- Light damage (1)
- Lightweight body shell design (1)
- Limitations (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Luftschadstoffe (1)
- MVOC (microbial volatile organic compounds) (1)
- Manuscript (1)
- Manuskripte (1)
- Map production and publishing (1)
- Maps and colours (1)
- Material (1)
- Material research (1)
- Material science (1)
- Materialcharakterisierung (1)
- Matratze (1)
- Measurement methods (1)
- Medieval ink (1)
- Medieval pigment (1)
- Messmethoden (1)
- Micro-XRF calibration (1)
- Microbiological contamination (1)
- Middle Ages (1)
- Mikro-RFA (1)
- Mikrosonde (1)
- Mixed ink (1)
- Monitor (1)
- Montageschäume (1)
- Multivariate data analysis (1)
- Non destructive testing (1)
- Non-destructive analysis (1)
- Non-destructive methods (1)
- Non-destructive test (1)
- Non-invasive (1)
- Non-invasive scientific methods (1)
- Nondestructive testing (1)
- Normung (1)
- Organic material (1)
- Organophosphorus flame retardants (1)
- PIXE (1)
- Painting (1)
- Paintings (1)
- Palimpsest (1)
- Palimpsests (1)
- Paper analysis (1)
- Paratext (1)
- Parerga (1)
- Particle-induced X-ray emission (1)
- Particulate Organic Matter (POM) (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Partikelemission (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Pergament (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phosphororganische Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Polstermöbel (1)
- Polybromierte Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Polycapillary optic (1)
- Portable XRF (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Preventive conservation (1)
- Protection of cultural object (1)
- Protoneninduzierte Röntgenemission (1)
- Quantification of formic and acetic acid (1)
- RAL-UZ 122 (1)
- Raman-spectroscopy (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Recipes (1)
- Reference free quantification (1)
- Reference materials (1)
- Reference-free investigation (1)
- Reflectography (1)
- Reflektographie (1)
- Restaurierung (1)
- Reverse paintings on glass (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Rezension (1)
- Röntgendiffraktometrie (1)
- Röntgenfluoreszenz (1)
- Rötel (1)
- SEM (1)
- Samples of intermediated thickness (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (1)
- Scatter peak evaluation (1)
- Schimmelpilze (1)
- Schutz vor Kunst- und Kulturgut (1)
- Scythica Vindobonensia, (1)
- Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC) (1)
- Semi volatile organic compounds (SVOC) (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Synchrotron based FTIR (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Synthetic organic pigments (1)
- TXRF-NEXAFS (1)
- Technical diagnostics (1)
- Textile Collection (1)
- Thermographie (1)
- Tinte (1)
- Tinten (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Transmission (1)
- Turfan Manuskripte (1)
- Turfan manuscripts (1)
- Typologie (1)
- Typology of Inks (1)
- UFP (1)
- UV-VIS spectroscopy (1)
- Umwelteinflüsse (1)
- VIS- Spektroskopie (1)
- VIS-spectrophotometry (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- VOCs (1)
- VVOCs (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Verpackungsmaterialien (1)
- Vienna manuscript (1)
- Vitrine (1)
- Wasserzeichen (1)
- Weldbonded joint behaviour (1)
- Weldbonding process reliability (1)
- Wood (1)
- Writing Materials (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- X-Ray Fluorescence (1)
- X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (1)
- X-ray absorption analysis (1)
- X-ray absorption fine structure (1)
- X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray analysis (1)
- X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) (1)
- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- XAFS (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- XRF ink analysis (1)
- XRF-analysis (1)
- Zeichnung (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung (1)
- Zinc (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (67)
An verschiedenen Dämmstoffen, Montageschäumen, Computersystemen und Polstermöbeln sowie einer Matratze
wurden mittels unterschiedlicher Emissionsprüfkammern und -zellen in Kombination mit geeigneten Probenahme- und
Analyseverfahren Untersuchungen zur Emission polybromierter und phosphororganischer Flammschutzmittel (FSM)
durchgeführt. Hierbei kamen Emissionsprüfkammern mit Volumina von 0,02 m3 und 1 m3 sowie 0.001 m3 -
Emissionsprüfzellen zum Einsatz. Die hier untersuchten Substanzen zählen zu den SVOC und erfordern eine
Luftprobenahme durch Adsorption an Polyurethanschaum. Die Aufarbeitung des Polyurethanschaums erfolgte mit
Ultraschallbad- bzw. Soxhletextraktion, die Extrakte wurden aufkonzentriert und mit GC/MS oder HPLC/DAD vermessen.
Die ursprünglich angestrebte Versuchsdauer von jeweils 28 Tagen musste auf mindestens 100 Tage verlängert werden,
um einen für die Messung erforderlichen Gleichgewichtszustand zu erreichen. Mit den eingesetzten Verfahren läßt sich
die Emission der phosphororganischen FSM qualitativ und quantitativ gut nachweisen, hierzu gehören insbesondere
TCPP und TPP. Ausnahmen bilden z.B. RDP und BDP, hier wird die Emissionsmessung mittels Luftprobenahme durch
den Einfluss von Senkeneffekte dominiert. Für die bromierten FSM ist eine gute Anwendbarkeit für Verbindungen mit bis
zu sechs Bromatomen gegeben. Mit zunehmendem Bromierungsgrad und zunehmender Schwerflüchtigkeit verstärkt sich
auch hier der Einfluss von Senkeneffekten und erschwert die Bestimmung der Emission. So konnte HBCD zwar auf den
Kammerwandflächen jedoch, abgesehen von Spuren, nicht in der Emissionsprüfkammerluft nachgewiesen werden. Die
Erkenntnisse reichen für eine umfassende Darstellung des Emissionsverhaltens der FSM und darauf aufbauender
Expositionsbewertungen für den Gebrauch flammgeschützter Produkte noch nicht aus. Es bestehen weiterhin
Kenntnislücken, um die z.T. hohen Gehalte an FSM z.B. in Hausstäuben erklären zu können. Gleichwohl bildet die Studie
eine wesentliche Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen. In Abhängigkeit vom Produkttyp betragen die ermittelten
flächenspezifischen (SERa) Emissionsraten z.B. für TCPP zwischen 0,012 und 140 µg m-2 h-1. Nachgewiesene PBDEs
zeigten je nach Produkttyp produktspezifische Emissionsraten (SERu) zwischen 0,1 und 14,2 ng Stück-1h-1 und SERa
zwischen 0,2 und 6,6 ng m-2 h-1. Eine Ausweitung z.B. auf Langzeitmessungen, die Bestimmung des Einflusses der
Materialalterung sowie unterschiedlicher Flammschutzmittelgehalte auf die Emission, die hier mangels hinreichender
Information und entsprechenden Produkten nicht durchgeführt werden konnte, wäre wünschenswert.
The emission levels of high boiling brominated (BFR) and phosphoric (POC) flame retardants (FR) in different materials were examined. For the determination of the emission rate the tests were done in different emission test chambers and cells under standard conditions (23 C, 50% RH and fixed area specific air flow rates). Selected products, e.g. printed circuit boards, were investigated at elevated temperature (e.g. 60 C) to simulate working conditions. Applied analytical techniques for the air samples adsorbed on polyurethane foam (PUF) are soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. Different conditions were used to analyse the FR via GC-MS. Based on the first results it could be demonstrated that the emission depends on material density and surface condition. The concentrations over time obtained for tris(3-chloropropyl)-phosphate, e.g., from emission test chamber and cell show a good correlation, partly the measured concentration are different. Sampling at elevated temperature gives higher concentrations.
The emissions of selected flame retardants were measured in 1- and 0.02-m3 emission test chambers and 0.001-m3 emission test cells. Four product groups were of interest: insulating materials, assembly foam, upholstery/mattresses, and electronics equipment. The experiments were performed under constant environmental conditions (23°C, 50% RH) using a fixed sample surface area and controlled air flow rates. Tris (2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) was observed to be one of the most commonly emitted organophosphate flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type, area-specific emission rates (SERa) of TCPP varied between 20 ng m-2 h-1 and 140 ?g m-2 h-1.
The emissions from electronic devices were measured at 60°C to simulate operating conditions. Under these conditions, unit specific emission rates (SERu) of organophosphates were determined to be 1085 ng unit-1 h-1. Increasing the temperature increased the emission of several flame retardants by up to a factor of 500. The results presented in this paper indicate that emissions of several brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are measurable. Polybrominated diphenylethers exhibited an SERa of between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m-2 h-1 and an SERu of between 0.6 and 14.2 ng unit-1 h-1. Because of sink effects, i.e., sorption to chamber components, the emission test chambers and cells used in this study have limited utility for substances low vapour pressures, especially the highly brominated compounds; hexabromocyclododecane had an SERa of between 0.1 and 29 ng m-2 h-1 and decabromodiphenylether was not detectable at all.
Various insulating boards, assembly foams, PC-systems, upholstery and a mattress were examined for possible
emissions of polybrominated and organophosphorus flame retardants. 0.02 m3- and 1m3- emission test chambers and
1Llitre cells were used to perform the investigations. The substances of interest are mainly classified as SVOC. A
sampling technique using polyurethane foam plugs and special analytical methods was developed. The PUF-plugs were
extracted by ultrasonic and soxhlet extraction and the extracts were concentrated. The analyses were performed by
GC/MS and HPLC/DAD. Chamber measurements were generally taken over 28 days, but in the case of SVOC, a test
period of a minimum of 100 days was necessary to achieve equilibrium. The determination of most of OPCs was
successful using emission test chambers. Due to sink effects the determination of low volatile OPC such as RDP and
BDP needs to be improved. Brominated flame retardants are quantifiable up to hexabrominated compounds using
emission test chambers as a reference method. The emission of lower volatile compounds, e.g. HBCD, was strongly
affected by sink effects. Emission of decaBDE was not quantifiable at all. Based on the results presented further
investigations are required for an adequate risk assessment of flame retarded products and their contribution to the
contamination of the indoor air environment. TCPP was found to be one of the most commonly used organophosphorus
flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type 0.012 to 140 µg m-2 h-1 was obtained
for area-specific emission rates (SERa) for TCPP. PBDEs, for example, exhibited product-specific emission rates (SERu)
between 0.1 and 14.2 ng unit-1 h-1 and SERa between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m-2 h-1. More data about the emission behaviour of FR are required with special regard to substance migration, aging and long-term emission in particular.