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Eingeladener Vortrag
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A round-robin study has been carried out to estimate the impact of the human element in small-angle scattering data analysis. Four corrected datasets were provided to participants ready for analysis. All datasets were measured on samples containing spherical scatterers, with two datasets in dilute dispersions and two from powders. Most of the 46 participants correctly identified the number of populations in the dilute dispersions, with half of the population mean entries within 1.5% and half of the population width entries within 40%. Due to the added complexity of the structure factor, far fewer people submitted answers on the powder datasets. For those that did, half of the entries for the means and widths were within 44 and 86%, respectively. This round-robin experiment highlights several causes for the discrepancies, for which solutions are proposed.
To start the large-scale deployment of offshore wind in German waters, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) supports the offshore test site "alpha ventus" in the North Sea with a research budget of about 50 million Euro in the next years. The overall objective of the research is to reduce the costs of offshore wind energy deployment in deep water. In order to provide all participating research projects with detailed data, the test site will be equipped with extensive measurement instrumentation.
This research initiative was named RAVE Research at Alpha VEntus and consists of a variety of projects in connection with the installation and operation of alpha ventus. As part of the RAVE initiative, so far the participating institutes and companies have prepared projects on the following topics:
Realization of the joint measurements and data management
Analysis of loads, modelling and further development of the different components of offshore wind turbines
Loads at offshore foundations and structures
Further development of LIDAR wind measuring techniques
Grid integration of offshore wind energy
Monitoring of the offshore wind energy deployment in Germany "Offshore WMEP"
Measurement of the operating noises and modelling of the sound propagation between tower and water
Ecologic research
A Round Robin study has been carried out to estimate the impact of the human element in small-angle scattering data analysis. Four corrected datasets were provided to participants ready for analysis. All datasets were measured on samples containing spherical scatterers, with two datasets in dilute dispersions, and two from powders.
Most of the 46 participants correctly identified the number of populations in the dilute dispersions, with half of the population mean entries within 1.5 % and half of the population width entries within 40 %, respectively. Due to the added complexity of the structure factor, much fewer people submitted answers on the powder datasets.
For those that did, half of the entries for the means and widths were within 44 % and 86 % respectively. This Round Robin experiment highlights several causes for the discrepancies, for which solutions are proposed.
This guideline was drafted following and complementing the norm ISO 22232-2:2020(E) to include air-coupled ultrasonic transducers. This document specifies the characteristics of probes used for non-destructive air-coupled ultrasonic testing with center frequencies above 20 kHz, with focusing or without focusing means.
Zur Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern werden mehrere verschiedene Methoden und Verfahren angewendet. Durch die unterschiedlichen Herangehensweisen werden oft unterschiedliche Prüfkopfpara-meter und Schallfeldgrößen ermittelt, was einen direkten Vergleich von Datenblättern erschwert. Für die Charakterisierung von Kontakt- und Tauchtechnikprüfköpfen hat sich ISO 22232-2:2021 bereits etabliert, allerdings ist diese Norm nicht auf die luftgekoppelten Wandlertechnologien direkt übertragbar. Daher erkannten Hersteller, Forschungseinrichtungen und Anwender den Bedarf an einer Richtlinie zur einheitlichen Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Wandlern. Gemeinsam arbeiten sie aktuell im Rahmen des Unterausschusses „Luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung“ der DGZfP an der Erstellung einer solcher Richtlinie mit dem Anspruch, die bestehende Normung um die luftgekoppelte Prüfung zu erweitern und somit die Vereinheitlichung der Charakterisierung dieser Wandler zu erleichtern.
In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über den geplanten Inhalt der Richtlinie und über die Methoden zur akustischen Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern gegeben. Insbesondere werden verschiedene Methoden der Ermittlung von wichtigen Wandlerparametern wie z.B. Empfindlichkeit, Mittenfrequenz, Bandbreite, Fokusgröße und Fokusabstand dargestellt und verglichen.
The investigation of an ancient Chinese ceramic served to further develop and validate fundamental parameter-based quantitation procedures in reference-free x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The XRF measurements of this sample were performed at the four-crystal monochromator beamline of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) at the BESSY II synchrotron radiation facility employing different excitation energies. The parallel processing of the XRF spectra recorded at different excitation energies provides a means to simultaneously evaluate relevant fundamental parameters and secondary enhancement processes such as those induced by photoelectrons. Employing well-characterized and absolutely calibrated instrumentation, all experimental parameters involved in XRF are known for small relative uncertainties allowing for a completely reference-free quantitation. Apart from traces of rare earth elements, the analytical results of the Chinese ceramic achieved by reference-free XRF are in line with target values given within a proficiency test of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) involving atomic and nuclear methods.
Light damage to selected organic materials in display cases: A study of different light sources
(2016)
The protection of works of art and cultural assets against light-induced aging is vital when planning exhibitions. Newly developed lighting systems render the selection of suitable light sources more difficult, not least in the context of energy–economical systems. This study accordingly examines different lighting systems (fluorescent tubes, halogen lamps, low-voltage metal halide lamps, and LED lamps) in terms of the damage potential they hold for the materials concerned. The changes in color were evaluated using the CIEDE2000 color-difference formula. This study focuses on selected organic materials and shows that changes in color already occur after only a brief exposure time. The color changes induced by the fluorescent tubes were consistently more intense than those induced by the other light sources. The results obtained with the remaining lamps show that the color changes depend more on the material under investigation than on the source used. The changes determined after a relatively short exposure period (five months) vividly demonstrate that exposing sensitive materials to light for longer terms (as is the case during a permanent exhibition) is most definitely a non-viable option.
The quest for the mixed inks
(2018)
In this article, we would like to share our observations concerning the inks produced by intentionally mixing soot or charcoal with tannin extracts or iron-gall ink. Aside from Zerdoun’s mention in her outstanding review of written sources, “Les encres noires au Moyen-Âge”, this ink category has received little if any attention from scholars and scientists. And yet, if analytically attested, the use of such inks could serve as an additional category to classify and distinguish the writing inks on the historical socio-geographic map of the writing inks we are trying to build.
We studied the oxidation and migration processes of inorganic compounds in iron gall inks with a combination of micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (micro-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (micro-XANES). With elemental mapping by micro-XRF, the correlation of the minor elements in the ink to the major element Fe was investigated. Along concentration profiles of Fe, micro-XANES measurements were carried out in order to determine the oxidation state and the local environment. With the help of model inks, we could show that Cu is a further important element in the paper degradation process due to iron gall ink corrosion.
Censorship of parts of written text was and is a common practice in totalitarian regimes. It is used to destroy information not approved by the political power. Recovering the censored text is of interest for historical studies of the text. This paper raises the question, whether a censored postcard from 1942 can be made legible by applying multispectral imaging in combination with laser cleaning. In the fields of art conservation (e.g. color measurements), investigation (e.g. Analysis of underdrawings in paintings), and historical document analysis, multispectral imaging techniques have been applied successfully to give visibility to information hidden to the human eye.
The basic principle of laser cleaning is to transfer laser pulse energy to a contamination layer by an absorption process that leads to heating and evaporation of the layer. Partial laser cleaning of postcards is possible; dirt on the surface can be removed and the obscured pictures and writings made visible again. We applied both techniques to the postcard. The text could not be restored since the original ink seems to have suffered severe chemical damage.
A combination of 3D micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (3D micro-XRF) and micro-XRF was utilized for the investigation of a small collection of highly heterogeneous, partly degraded Dead Sea Scroll parchment samples from known excavation sites. The quantitative combination of the two techniques proves to be suitable for the identification of reliable marker elements which may be used for classification and provenance studies. With 3D micro-XRF, the three-dimensional nature, i.e. the depth-resolved elemental composition as well as density variations, of the samples was investigated and bromine could be identified as a suitable marker element. It is shown through a comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative values for the bromine content derived using both techniques that, for elements which are homogeneously distributed in the sample matrix, quantification with micro-XRF using a one-layer model is feasible. Thus, the possibility for routine provenance studies using portable micro-XRF instrumentation on a vast amount of samples, even on site, is obtained through this work.
Parchment has been in use for thousands of years
and has been used as the writing or drawing support for
many important historic works. A variety of analytical
techniques is currently used for routine assessment of the
degree of denaturation of historic parchment; however,
because parchment has a heterogeneous nature, analytical
methods with high spatial resolution are desirable. In this
work, the use of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and
synchrotron-IR (SR-IR) was examined in conjunction with
multivariate data analysis to study degradation of an
extended set of historic parchment samples, and particularly
to investigate the effect of lipids and the presence of iron
gall ink on the degradation processes. In the data analysis,
shrinkage temperature, lipid content, sample age, presence
of ink and accelerated degradation were included. The
analysis of loading factors in partial least-squares regression
and principal component analyses based on SAXS, SR-IR
and other analytical and descriptive data reveals the effect
of lipid removal on diffraction patterns, and lipids are found
to cause the degradation process in parchment to accelerate.
The effect of iron gall ink is also evident, although the
mechanism of ageing is different to that of natural ageing in
the absence of ink. In addition, a historic parchment score
from ca. 1750 is examined, demonstrating the significant
effect of iron gall ink, and lipids and inorganic soiling on its
increased degradation.
The aim of the research project 'Typology of
Dutch Drawing' was to establish an interdisciplinary approach
for investigating heterogeneous drawing collections.
To define a type common to a group of drawings, we
determine elements that are common to them based on style
and the use of identical materials. To that end, we investigated
about 750 Dutch drawings from the sixteenth century at the
Dresden Kupferstich-Kabinett using art historical and
scientific methods. In this work, we present a detailed
analysis of 30 drawings ascribed to the Egmont Master.
The Erfurt Hebrew Giant Bible and the Experimental XRF Analysis of Ink and Plummet Composition
(2007)
Remake of ancient green
(2006)
In this work, the applicability of a new 3D micro X-ray fluorescence (3D Micro-XRF) laboratory spectrometer for the investigation of historical glass objects is demonstrated. The non-destructiveness of the technique and the possibility to measure three-dimensionally resolved fluorescence renders this technique into a suitable tool for the analysis of cultural heritage objects. Although absorption and resolution effects complicate qualitative analysis of the data, layered structures can be distinguished from homogeneous samples without the need for full quantification. Different manufacturing techniques were studied in this work with the help of hand-made reference samples. With the gained knowledge it could be shown for the investigated historical glass object, that black enamel as a stained glass contour colour was used in a cold painting. The object was not fired after the application of the black enamel, but instead the adhesion of the paint was solely provided through organic binding agents and the backing with metal foils. Thus, for the manufacturing of the object, a mixture of cold painting technique with a stained glass color was used. Quantitative measurements with a 3D Micro-XRF setup at the Berlin synchrotron BESSY II confirm the assumptions drawn on the basis of the qualitative investigation with the 3D Micro-XRF spectrometer with X-ray tube excitation.
In an interdisciplinary collaboration, restorers, art historians, and scientists examined Guilio Romano’s The Madonna with the Wash-Basin of 1525 (Dresden State Art Collections). Insights into the painting technique along with art historical comparisons provided the opportunity for a better understanding of the painting’s genesis, in particular concerning an early reworking of the background by the artist. A recovery and reconstruction of the earlier version of the background is now possible. The discovery of zinc in distinct passages of the painting, as well as the grey-black pigment stibnite and glass particles used as a supplement in paint layers are of special interest. The technological investigation initiated a discussion about the circumstances of the revision, as well as the painting’s relation to Vasari’s Lives of Artists.
The Scythica Vindobonensia, the new fragments on Gothic incursions into Roman provinces in the Balkans in the middle of the third century AD that were revealed some years ago in a Greek palimpsest at the Austrian National Library in Vienna (ÖNB), are commonly considered as one of the most important additions of the last decades to the corpus of texts from classical Antiquity. Tere is a high degree of confdence among scholars in supposing that the fragments come from the lost work Scythica written in Greek by the third-century historian P. Herennius Dexippus (Δέξιππος) of Athens. The new fragments have hence also been called Dexippus Vindobonensis. In his Scythica, Dexippus recorded wars of the Romans with the Goths (and other tribes) whom he called Scythians.
The work had been hitherto known only from excerpts and quotes by later authors. Eight pages of a Byzantine manuscript copy of the ancient text have survived hidden underneath the visible surface of the last four parchment folios of the Vienna manuscript Historicus graecus 73, f. 192r -195v4. The copy is written in a Greek calligraphic minuscule which has been estimated by palaeographers to be of the middle or the second half of the eleventh century. In the thirteenth century, the text (on each of the eight pages arranged in one column, with 30 lines per page) was washed of the parchment and the valuable material made from animal skin was re-used for Christian texts. The new writing largely covered the faded remnants of the original text. It thus became hidden from the human eye for more than seven hundred years. Its discovery by Jana Grusková, a classical philologist specialized in the transmission of Greek texts, resulted from a systematic review of all Greek palimpsests kept at the Austrian National Library in Vienna at the beginning of the twenty-first century and a detailed examination of the four folios in 2007-20097.
Fe K-edge XANES measurements were performed to determine the oxidation state of iron in iron gall inks. These data are used to investigate the relationship between the Fe oxidation state and ink corrosion in historical manuscripts. The oxidation state is determined using the pre-edge based on a general variation trend that was derived from model compounds and validated here independently on a suite of samples with known oxidation state and Fe in octahedral coordination (i.e. similar to Fe in gall ink). As long as suitable references for the pure ferric and ferrous state of iron gall inks cannot be pointed out, the analysis of the pre-edge of the Fe K-edge represents the only way to acquire absolute values for the Fe oxidation state (Fe3+/Fetot) with spatial resolution for this usually non-crystalline compound. Fe3+/Fetot values for the ink samples vary between ca. 0.7 and 1.0. Spatially resolved analyses performed across ink strokes of various historical manuscripts as well as newly made samples did not reveal any systematic spatial dependence. On average, historical samples that were exposed to conservation treatments show a more oxidized state. However, the measurements demonstrate explicitly that the exposure to X-rays during the XANES acquisition affects the oxidation state of Fe in most iron gall inks.
Nicht nur Schadstoffe aus der Umwelt können Museumsexponate schädigen. Auch interne Schadstoffquellen wie objektimmanente Exhalate und Emissionen von Lösemitteln oder organischen Säuren können den wertvollen Gu¨tern Schaden zufu¨gen. Auf Schadstoffe zu pru¨fen sowie geeignete Messmethoden zu entwickeln und zu optimieren, ist daher von großer Bedeutung. Neuste Forschungen stellen die Autoren vor.
Pigmentveränderung
(2009)
This article presents the findings resulting from the material analysis of several Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscripts from a corpus partly preserved in Nepal, viz. in the National Archives, Kathmandu (NAK), and in the Kaiser Library (KL), which is likewise situated in Kathmandu. The analysis was undertaken in March 2013. The colleagues of the NAK allocated a room in their precincts to us, where we could set up our mobile laboratory, and gave us access to the required manuscripts from their holdings. The officials of the KL, in turn, allowed us to take some of their valuable and ancient manuscripts to the NAK. In this way, we were enabled to conduct multi-instrumental studies on writing materials of great antiquity and interest.
The investigation of physical properties and chemical composition generates important data for answering cultural-history questions that cannot be solved by historical and philological methods alone. In its individual materiality, each manuscript is the result of a wide variety of influences. The ‘life’ of a manuscript starts with its production, followed by the use and storage of the manuscript, and is finally characterized by its treatment during restoration. Some of these characteristics are still in existence and may provide insights into the production process and history of a manuscript.
In this paper, members of three research teams, namely the Turfan Project of the Berlin BrandenburgAcademy of Sciences and Humanities, the Berlin-based research project on pigments in Central Asianpaper manuscripts, and the Hamburg-based project on the history and typology of Central Asian papermanuscripts, present some of the results of their cooperation. The investigated manuscripts belong tothe Berlin Turfan Collection. On the basis of different examples the contribution of scientific methods tophilological scholarship within a multidisciplinary approach is demonstrated.
In the recent years multispectral imaging and X-ray Fluorescence element mapping have established themselves as a well working two step approach, when dealing with faded, erased or overwritten text in iron gall ink. During the last years a lot was done to improve the mere technical side of the techniques. Especially in the case of XRF mapping experiments the acquisition speed needed to be increased to allow mapping in the high resolution demanded by the challenges at hand. High resolution in moderate times can now be achieved, but with the price of proportionally increased amount of data that needs to be processed ideally in parallel to the measurement. The classical approach in XRF spectroscopy of elemental fitting of the spectral data does not even come close to fulfill any on the fly processing time constraints and will consume too much processing time in the foreseeable future. In this paper we will discuss the applicability of modern statistical data processing methods to XRF mapping of iron gall ink palimpsests. We will present a comparison of a new approach based on principle and independent component analysis (PCA and ICA) and the standard element mapping method. We will show that a reduction in processing time of almost two orders of magnitude can easily be achieved.
In the field of animal species differentiation, work on standardizing methods has been intensified in Germany in recent years, not least due to the horsemeat scandal in 2013. Even though there are now hardly ever any positive findings anymore in examinations to detect horse adulterations in foods such as lasagne, animal species differentiation altogether ranks high in detecting adulteration of foods. This article, therefore, summarises the current status of analytical techniques used in Germany with standardization at German level. It has been established by the working group "Biochemical and Molecular Biological Analytics" of the Lebensmittelchemische Gesellschaft (Food Chemistry Society within the German Chemical Society) with support of experts in the working group “Molecular biology techniques for differentiating plant and animal species" (§64 of the German Food and Feed Code - LFGB) and the "Immunology and molecular biology" task force of the food hygiene and food of animal origin working group (ALTS), both from Germany.
The manuscript Codex germanicus 1 (Cod. germ. 1) of the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg is a fifteenth-century German-language manuscript. It comprises two codicological units and has an especially complex developmental history. To trace this developmental history, neglected until now in the research literature, the manuscript was investigated, for the first time not solely with classical codicological and palaeographical methods, but also with the aid of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, in order to determine the composition of the writing materials. These methods made it possible, first, to support and check palaeographic findings and, second, to gain information about the stratigraphy of the manuscript where palaeographic methods find their limits – in regard to short entries, rubrications, and non-alphabetical signs.
Advanced codicological studies of Cod. germ. 6 (Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek): Part 2
(2018)
The work presented here follows the article Combining Codicology and X-Ray Spectrometry to Unveil the History of Production of Codex germanicus 6 (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg), published in 2014.1 It confirms the main result of the previous article: the Artusnotiz, the fourth text in the bound manuscript, must have been introduced as the last one. This paper offers further details of the codex production, based on the composition of the black and red inks collected in four measurement campaigns. Furthermore, using imaging μ-XRF, we succeeded in understanding the strong variation of the composition of the red inks in the initials of all the texts except for Parzival and Jeanne d’Arc.
It is well documented that throughout Antiquity, ancient Egyptians used mostly carbon inks as a writing material. In Late Antiquity, some metals started to be added to carbon based inks. We have records of five manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection whose carbon inks were found to contain copper Also, lead was recently found as an additive in carbon inks on a charred fragment from Herculaneum. Furthermore, the earliest evidence of iron-gall ink was found in the Book of Proverbs (Codex Ms. Berol. orient. oct. 987) dating to the third fourth centuries ce. It has been suggested that along with carbon and iron-gall inks, there is no reason to think that purely tannin inks were not also in use in Egypt. However, so far, we just have evidence of a copper-tannin ink identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the first third centuries bce. In an attempt to fill this gap in this extremely fragmented scenario during our studies of the socio-geographic history of inks, we arrived at the conclusion that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for the historical study of inks across a large geographic area.
Vor dem Hintergrund der Zurückziehung der DIN 18230 Teil 2 zur Bestimmung des m-Faktors von Materialien für die Brandlastbewertung im Industriebau müssen neue Wege gefunden werden, wie das Abbrandverhalten alternativ quantifiziert werden kann. Der Beitrag fasst die Entstehung und die Entwicklung der Bestimmungsweise von Abbrandfaktoren zusammen und gibt Ausblick auf eine neue Möglichkeit zur Bewertung von Brandlasten, die Verbrennungseffizienz.
Im Jahr 2020 fielen in Deutschland rund 220 Millionen Tonnen mineralische Bau- und Abbruchabfälle an, die als Sekundärrohstoffquelle genutzt werden können. Trotz hoher Recyclingquoten wird ein Teil der mineralischen Bau- und Abbruchabfälle immer noch deponiert oder in Anwendungen mit geringen Qualitätsanforderungen eingesetzt, da ein effektives Recycling dieser heterogenen Abfälle recht kompliziert ist. Bauschutt ist ein heterogener, SiO2-reicher Sekundärrohstoff, der sich aus einem Gemisch verschiedener abgebrochener Baumaterialien wie Ziegel, Betonfertigteile, Leichtbeton, Porenbeton, Kalksandsteine, Natursteine, Gips und Mörtel zusammensetzt. Die genaue Zusammensetzung hängt von der Abbruchstelle, der Vorsortierung und der Wiederaufbereitung in der Recyclinganlage ab. Eine direkte Wiederverwendung als rezyklierte Gesteinskörnung ist aufgrund der uneinheitlichen Zusammensetzung und des bis zu 50 %igen Feinanteils nach der mechanischen Aufbereitung nicht zulässig. Eine Möglichkeit, Mauerwerksschutt effektiv zu recyceln, ist die rohstoffliche Verwertung über ein chemisch-hydrothermales Umwandlungsverfahren, das poröse Granulate erzeugt. Durch die Porenstruktur dieser hydrothermal gehärteten Granulate ergeben sich Anwendungsmöglichkeiten als Filter- oder Wasserspeichermaterial, die über den Bausektor hinausgehen. Diese neuartigen Granulate können leichte Gesteinskörnungen natürlichen Ursprungs (z. B. Lavasand, Bimsstein) oder Körner aus natürlichen Rohstoffen (z. B. Blähton) ersetzen. Die neue Recyclingstrategie spart natürliche Ressourcen. Im Vergleich zur Herstellung von Blähton ist der Energieverbrauch wesentlich geringer. Ziel des Verbundprojektes HYTEGRA war die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Herstellung von leichten Gesteinskörnungen aus SiO2- und CaO-reichen Sekundärrohstoffen. Als Rohstoffe wurden Mauerwerksschutt als SiO2-Quelle und Papierasche aus der energetischen Verwertung von Reststoffen der Altpapierverwertung als CaO-Quelle eingesetzt. Der komplette Prozess von der mechanisch-physikalischen Aufbereitung über die Bildung des Grüngranulats bis zur hydrothermalen Härtung wurde entwickelt und im Labormaßstab getestet. Die Anwendungen des hydrothermal gehärteten Granulats als Wasserspeichermaterial für die innere Nachbehandlung von hochfestem Beton, Pflanzensubstrat und Filtermaterial in Bodenfiltern zur Abwasserreinigung wurden untersucht. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des erfolgreich abgeschlossenen Verbundforschungsprojekts HYTEGRA.